Recent well liked threads
2026 DOD Army Budget Estimates- 15.4 Billion Funding proposal inc. atmospheric science, aerosol sciences, aerosol transport in the atmospheric boundary layer, artificial intelligence (AI), electromagnetic warfare, microwaves, nanomaterials, NATO, unmanned systems, sensors, PFAS, Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS / “smart dust”) for radio frequency (RF) devices and sensors, and classified programs.
Research in atmospheric science seeks an in-depth understanding of the complex atmospheric boundary layer associated with high resolution meteorology, the transport, dispersion, optical properties, and characterization of chemical and biological aerosols, the propagation of full-spectrum electro-magnetic and acoustic energy and physics-based multi-scale models for electronic, optical, mechanical, and chemical materials.
Research in atmospheric science seeks an in-depth understanding of the complex atmospheric boundary layer associated with high resolution meteorology, the transport, dispersion, optical properties, and characterization of chemical and biological aerosols, the propagation of full-spectrum electro-magnetic and acoustic energy and physics-based multi-scale models for electronic, optical, mechanical, and chemical materials.
🌐 What is DNS?
DNS (Domain Name System) is basically the 📖 phone book of the internet.
It translates human-friendly domain names (like ) into machine readable IP addresses (like 142.250.190.78) so computers can find each other across the network. google.com
DNS (Domain Name System) is basically the 📖 phone book of the internet.
It translates human-friendly domain names (like ) into machine readable IP addresses (like 142.250.190.78) so computers can find each other across the network. google.com
🧠 Why Do We Need DNS?
Humans remember names easily not numbers
Instead of typing an IP address every time, you just enter a domain name, and DNS automatically finds the right IP for you. ✨
Humans remember names easily not numbers
Instead of typing an IP address every time, you just enter a domain name, and DNS automatically finds the right IP for you. ✨
⚙️ How DNS Works (Step-by-Step)
1️⃣ You type a website name →
2️⃣ 💾 Local Cache Check: Your computer first checks its local DNS cache (recently visited sites)
3️⃣ 🌍 DNS Resolver: If not found it asks a DNS resolver (like your ISP or Google’s DNS — 8.8.8.8)example.com
1️⃣ You type a website name →
2️⃣ 💾 Local Cache Check: Your computer first checks its local DNS cache (recently visited sites)
3️⃣ 🌍 DNS Resolver: If not found it asks a DNS resolver (like your ISP or Google’s DNS — 8.8.8.8)example.com
An update on the war following a recent trip. Ukrainian forces are holding, but the situation has worsened since July due to mounting offensive pressure. Here I cover some of the negative and positive trends, along with the salient dynamics at the front. Long thread. 1/
Drones continue to be responsible for most daily casualties, with the front line defined by overlapping drone and artillery fire engagement zones 20-25km from the forward line of troops. This is commonly referred to as the ‘kill zone.’ 2/
One of the key dynamics this year has been a tug of war contest between Russian forces and the AFU over superiority in this kill zone, and its relative footprint. That in turn determines initiative on the ground, and the cost incurred in offensive, or defensive ops. 3/
The latest Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PCPSR) national poll, conducted October 22-252025 with a representative sample of 1,200 Palestinians (760 in the West Bank, 440 in Gaza) — shows a political landscape completely out of sync with Mahmoud Abbas’ planned succession.
In this most recent survey:
▪️ Marwan Barghouti leads with 49%, the most popular Palestinian political figure by a wide margin.
▪️ Khaled Meshal, a senior Hamas leader follows with 36%.
▪️ Mahmoud Abbas draws only 13% support.
▪️ Hussein al-Sheikh, Abbas’ designated heir, registers under 2% — and usually doesn’t appear at all in open-ended responses.
PCPSR director Dr. Khalil Shikaki says al-Sheikh “doesn’t exist in the public consciousness.”
In this most recent survey:
▪️ Marwan Barghouti leads with 49%, the most popular Palestinian political figure by a wide margin.
▪️ Khaled Meshal, a senior Hamas leader follows with 36%.
▪️ Mahmoud Abbas draws only 13% support.
▪️ Hussein al-Sheikh, Abbas’ designated heir, registers under 2% — and usually doesn’t appear at all in open-ended responses.
PCPSR director Dr. Khalil Shikaki says al-Sheikh “doesn’t exist in the public consciousness.”
The poll was conducted face-to-face from October 22–25, 2025, with a representative sample of 1,200 Palestinians: 760 in the West Bank and 440 in the Gaza Strip.
For safety, PCPSR researchers operated only in areas west, north, and south of the “yellow line,” which were free of Israeli military presence. Fieldwork covered 76 sites in the West Bank and 44 in Gaza. Margin of error: ±3.5%.
For safety, PCPSR researchers operated only in areas west, north, and south of the “yellow line,” which were free of Israeli military presence. Fieldwork covered 76 sites in the West Bank and 44 in Gaza. Margin of error: ±3.5%.
70% oppose disarming Hamas
•85% in the West Bank
•55% in Gaza
This remains the single strongest point of national consensus.
•85% in the West Bank
•55% in Gaza
This remains the single strongest point of national consensus.
REPRO INDIA
CMP: 575
Repro has quietly built India’s largest publishing backend
The Q2 FY26 report shows 794 publishers onboarded, covering a massive portion of India’s content ecosystem
Once publishers integrate, there’s no real incentive to leave
CMP: 575
Repro has quietly built India’s largest publishing backend
The Q2 FY26 report shows 794 publishers onboarded, covering a massive portion of India’s content ecosystem
Once publishers integrate, there’s no real incentive to leave
The business model has silently transformed into a digital-first engine.
Digital revenue in Q2 FY26 is ₹95.3 crore out of ₹108 crore — nearly 90% of the entire business.
This is one of the cleanest, fastest transitions from legacy print to digital seen in India.
Digital revenue in Q2 FY26 is ₹95.3 crore out of ₹108 crore — nearly 90% of the entire business.
This is one of the cleanest, fastest transitions from legacy print to digital seen in India.
POD (Print-On-Demand) is the real engine, and it’s hitting all-time highs.
Daily POD throughput hit 43,514 books/day — the highest ever reported.
This scale creates a flywheel:
More titles → more orders → faster SLAs → better buy box → more visibility → even more orders.
Daily POD throughput hit 43,514 books/day — the highest ever reported.
This scale creates a flywheel:
More titles → more orders → faster SLAs → better buy box → more visibility → even more orders.
The series: BEST FVG TO INCREASE YOUR WINRATE! [Episode 1]
I'll be showing you how to identify a valid FVG for trade entry.
Like and repost for others to benefit from it
A thread 🧵
I'll be showing you how to identify a valid FVG for trade entry.
Like and repost for others to benefit from it
A thread 🧵
FVG refers to the space between the wicks of 3 consecutive candles on the price chart.
For every FVG to be formed, we create 3 candles!!
For every FVG to be formed, we create 3 candles!!
The first candle can be any candle...
But the second candle will always be an expansion candle
The 3rd candle is what you should pay close attention to! If expansion, then it's a breakaway gap, but if consolidation candle, then it's FVG.
But the second candle will always be an expansion candle
The 3rd candle is what you should pay close attention to! If expansion, then it's a breakaway gap, but if consolidation candle, then it's FVG.
This supposed recommendation letter from Chomsky to Epstein for an unknown third party is doing the rounds, reportedly downloaded from recently released Epstein Files documents.
However, given there are no identifiable sources, and Chomsky rarely praised anyone in this unqualified, obsequious tone, and such a tone is a hallmark of AI LLM produced texts, I asked an AI for a language analysis –
“Short answer – The tone is exactly what an LLM would produce if asked to ‘write in the style of Noam Chomsky praising Jeffrey Epstein.’
It has several classic fingerprints of LLM-generated text, and several clear deviations from real Chomsky.”
It also seems possible if its source is The Epstein Files that it’s a plant, to both discredit Chomsky, who isn’t in a position to reply, and to distract from other more worthwhile subjects for investigation.
So I asked an expert in both AI LLMs and language analysis to take a closer look. More detailed analysis follows.
However, given there are no identifiable sources, and Chomsky rarely praised anyone in this unqualified, obsequious tone, and such a tone is a hallmark of AI LLM produced texts, I asked an AI for a language analysis –
“Short answer – The tone is exactly what an LLM would produce if asked to ‘write in the style of Noam Chomsky praising Jeffrey Epstein.’
It has several classic fingerprints of LLM-generated text, and several clear deviations from real Chomsky.”
It also seems possible if its source is The Epstein Files that it’s a plant, to both discredit Chomsky, who isn’t in a position to reply, and to distract from other more worthwhile subjects for investigation.
So I asked an expert in both AI LLMs and language analysis to take a closer look. More detailed analysis follows.
✅ 1. The linguistic evidence already suggests the letter is unlikely to be authentic
The over-flattering tone, the AI-like structure, and the lack of Chomsky’s characteristic political framing all strongly indicate:
•Not written by Chomsky
•Not representative of his real correspondence style
•Possibly generated or ghostwritten
If something in the dump stands out as un-Chomskyan yet is packaged to look official, the motive usually lies outside the text.
The over-flattering tone, the AI-like structure, and the lack of Chomsky’s characteristic political framing all strongly indicate:
•Not written by Chomsky
•Not representative of his real correspondence style
•Possibly generated or ghostwritten
If something in the dump stands out as un-Chomskyan yet is packaged to look official, the motive usually lies outside the text.
✅ 2. “Poisoning the well” is a known tactic in politically explosive leaks
Whenever leaks involve:
•high-profile politicians
•intelligence officials
•diplomats
•financiers tied to national interests
there is a long history (CIA, FBI, MI6, Mossad, Kremlin, etc.) of inserting:
•distracting documents
•credibility-shredders
•character-assassination pieces
•misattributed letters
•red herrings
This is not conspiracy — it’s standard information operations.
Adding a “Chomsky letter” with gushy praise:
•diverts media attention
•creates an easy headline (“Leftist icon praised Epstein!”)
•draws scrutiny away from politically sensitive names
•muddies the overall credibility of the archive
It is exactly the kind of subtractive-additive noise introduced into archival releases when someone wants to protect key actors.
Whenever leaks involve:
•high-profile politicians
•intelligence officials
•diplomats
•financiers tied to national interests
there is a long history (CIA, FBI, MI6, Mossad, Kremlin, etc.) of inserting:
•distracting documents
•credibility-shredders
•character-assassination pieces
•misattributed letters
•red herrings
This is not conspiracy — it’s standard information operations.
Adding a “Chomsky letter” with gushy praise:
•diverts media attention
•creates an easy headline (“Leftist icon praised Epstein!”)
•draws scrutiny away from politically sensitive names
•muddies the overall credibility of the archive
It is exactly the kind of subtractive-additive noise introduced into archival releases when someone wants to protect key actors.
I’m not sharing this as the CEO of Eternal, but as a fellow human, curious enough to follow a strange thread. A thread I can’t keep with myself any longer.
It’s open-source, backed by science, and shared with you as part of our common quest for scientific progress on human longevity.
Newton gave us a word for it. Einstein said it bends spacetime. I am saying gravity shortens lifespan.
Read on, and tell me what you think.
It’s open-source, backed by science, and shared with you as part of our common quest for scientific progress on human longevity.
Newton gave us a word for it. Einstein said it bends spacetime. I am saying gravity shortens lifespan.
Read on, and tell me what you think.
I am not saying “gravity exists” or “blood flow matters.” Everyone knows that. The new part is connecting these 3 known facts:
1. Upright posture reduces blood flow to the brain by small amounts, compounding every day for decades.
2. Neurons in the hypothalamus and brainstem are highly metabolic and depend on tiny perforating blood vessels, which makes them very sensitive to even small drops in blood flow.
3. These regions control aging itself: Hormones, inflammation, metabolism, autonomic balance, repair.
Nobody has put these 3 pieces together into a single, testable mechanism for aging. A big part of human aging might be brain-first and gravity driven, and not body-first (like we’ve always believed). That’s the breakthrough.
The more time we spent asking scientists to poke holes in this, the more I began to feel like we were tracing the outline of something hidden in plain sight.
Clues kept appearing. Scattered across biology, physics, medicine, and even evolution. The list runs long.
1. Upright posture reduces blood flow to the brain by small amounts, compounding every day for decades.
2. Neurons in the hypothalamus and brainstem are highly metabolic and depend on tiny perforating blood vessels, which makes them very sensitive to even small drops in blood flow.
3. These regions control aging itself: Hormones, inflammation, metabolism, autonomic balance, repair.
Nobody has put these 3 pieces together into a single, testable mechanism for aging. A big part of human aging might be brain-first and gravity driven, and not body-first (like we’ve always believed). That’s the breakthrough.
The more time we spent asking scientists to poke holes in this, the more I began to feel like we were tracing the outline of something hidden in plain sight.
Clues kept appearing. Scattered across biology, physics, medicine, and even evolution. The list runs long.
So what can we do about this?
We don’t have to escape gravity to counteract the negative effects it has on us. It’s necessary for us to live. Like astronauts, our health would deteriorate in <1G.
We just have to learn how to live longer and better at 1G.
Science already knows that Brain Flow is highly correlated to age, and an important biomarker for aging. However, we don’t pay much attention to Brain Flow.
So first and foremost, all of us need to start recognising how important blood flow to the brain is to our health, and longevity.
We don’t have to escape gravity to counteract the negative effects it has on us. It’s necessary for us to live. Like astronauts, our health would deteriorate in <1G.
We just have to learn how to live longer and better at 1G.
Science already knows that Brain Flow is highly correlated to age, and an important biomarker for aging. However, we don’t pay much attention to Brain Flow.
So first and foremost, all of us need to start recognising how important blood flow to the brain is to our health, and longevity.
Most traders don’t know this… and that’s why they lose 🧵
1. HTF Direction is KING 👑
Most traders lose because they trade against the higher-timeframe trend.
If HTF is bearish, every “buy setup” you see on LTF is just liquidity bait.
Like 👍🏾 + Retweet 🔁 to reach more traders who need this
T.me/hirabverse
1. HTF Direction is KING 👑
Most traders lose because they trade against the higher-timeframe trend.
If HTF is bearish, every “buy setup” you see on LTF is just liquidity bait.
Like 👍🏾 + Retweet 🔁 to reach more traders who need this
T.me/hirabverse
2. OBs & BBs Don’t Work Unless You Know When
Order Blocks and Breaker Blocks are only valid when they align with HTF structure.
Otherwise, they’re just traps.
Order Blocks and Breaker Blocks are only valid when they align with HTF structure.
Otherwise, they’re just traps.
3. The Market Needs Your Liquidity
Those quick spikes you think are “reversals”?
No, they’re inducements.
Price grabs liquidity before moving in the real direction.
Those quick spikes you think are “reversals”?
No, they’re inducements.
Price grabs liquidity before moving in the real direction.
🔥 THE EARHART [DECLAS] | 88 YEARS LATER, THE TRUTH LANDS 🔥
🔥 November 14, 2025 — Trump & Tulsi Just Unsealed 4,600 Pages That Shatter the Mystery, EXPOSE the Intel Op, and Rewrite U.S. History — She Didn’t Just Disappear. She Was DISAPPEARED. 🔥
My fren @LiveFreeOrDieF3 asked if I’d dig.
So I did.
But I didn’t just read the files…
…I ran a full digital forensics op with @JARVIS761711 🐸
Then I deployed @Grok to scan & verify every doc — just to be sure.
So go ahead, Community Notes — take your shot.
I brought the receipts.
This TRUTH isn’t getting buried.
She wasn’t “lost.”
She was DISAPPEARED.
#EarhartDeclass #TrumpDeclass
@TulsiGabbard
🧵1/
🔥 November 14, 2025 — Trump & Tulsi Just Unsealed 4,600 Pages That Shatter the Mystery, EXPOSE the Intel Op, and Rewrite U.S. History — She Didn’t Just Disappear. She Was DISAPPEARED. 🔥
My fren @LiveFreeOrDieF3 asked if I’d dig.
So I did.
But I didn’t just read the files…
…I ran a full digital forensics op with @JARVIS761711 🐸
Then I deployed @Grok to scan & verify every doc — just to be sure.
So go ahead, Community Notes — take your shot.
I brought the receipts.
This TRUTH isn’t getting buried.
She wasn’t “lost.”
She was DISAPPEARED.
#EarhartDeclass #TrumpDeclass
@TulsiGabbard
🧵1/
🧩 WHY WERE EARHART’S FILES CLASSIFIED IN THE FIRST PLACE?
Short answer?
Because she wasn’t just a pilot.
She was a doorway into the machine.
Listen up, NORMIES.
If you’ve been sleepwalking through history thinking Amelia Earhart just “crashed and sank” like some tragic footnote…
Buckle up.
This ain’t your grandma’s aviation story.
This is a full-throttle RED PILL on ESPIONAGE, PSYOPS, and the WEAPONIZED SECRECY that’s been choking the TRUTH for 88 years.
The deeper TRUTH?
She didn’t vanish in a tragic accident.
She was DISAPPEARED.
SILENCED by a SYSTEM that couldn’t afford for you to know what she saw…
…or what she was doing.
For nearly nine decades…
For 88 years, that SYSTEM held the line:
→ SEALED files
→ Multi-agency SILENCE
→ A “mystery” [THEY] NEVER wanted solved
NSA. DNI. FBI. Navy. Coast Guard.
They all knew.
And now?
4,600 pages just blew the lid off one of the greatest intel ops in Modern History.
Because once you see the structure…
…you can’t unsee it.
This isn’t just a flight gone wrong.
It’s the fracture point in the official narrative — where HISTORY, ESPIONAGE, and TRUTH converge into one RED PILL ride.
THE PUZZLE IS COMING TOGETHER.🧩
But FRENS 🐸…
Before we go any further…
Go ahead and grab your COVFEFE.
Get comfy AF…
Cause it’s time to
connect•some•serious•dots••••• 😎
🔥 “Fasten your seatbelt and make sure your seat back and folding trays are in their full upright position.” —Q 🔥
🧵2/13
Short answer?
Because she wasn’t just a pilot.
She was a doorway into the machine.
Listen up, NORMIES.
If you’ve been sleepwalking through history thinking Amelia Earhart just “crashed and sank” like some tragic footnote…
Buckle up.
This ain’t your grandma’s aviation story.
This is a full-throttle RED PILL on ESPIONAGE, PSYOPS, and the WEAPONIZED SECRECY that’s been choking the TRUTH for 88 years.
The deeper TRUTH?
She didn’t vanish in a tragic accident.
She was DISAPPEARED.
SILENCED by a SYSTEM that couldn’t afford for you to know what she saw…
…or what she was doing.
For nearly nine decades…
For 88 years, that SYSTEM held the line:
→ SEALED files
→ Multi-agency SILENCE
→ A “mystery” [THEY] NEVER wanted solved
NSA. DNI. FBI. Navy. Coast Guard.
They all knew.
And now?
4,600 pages just blew the lid off one of the greatest intel ops in Modern History.
Because once you see the structure…
…you can’t unsee it.
This isn’t just a flight gone wrong.
It’s the fracture point in the official narrative — where HISTORY, ESPIONAGE, and TRUTH converge into one RED PILL ride.
THE PUZZLE IS COMING TOGETHER.🧩
But FRENS 🐸…
Before we go any further…
Go ahead and grab your COVFEFE.
Get comfy AF…
Cause it’s time to
connect•some•serious•dots••••• 😎
🔥 “Fasten your seatbelt and make sure your seat back and folding trays are in their full upright position.” —Q 🔥
🧵2/13
💥 World War II-Era Espionage (Pre-WWII Intel Op?) 💥
Amelia Earhart vanished in 1937.
Two years before World War II officially began.
So why were her files locked behind 88 years of classification, protected by the NSA, ODNI, and Military Intel?
Because this wasn’t just a missing person’s case.
This was a BLACK-OP gone sideways.
WHAT IF her world flight was just the cover?
WHAT IF her real mission was reconnaissance over the Pacific?
WHAT IF she was mapping Japanese-occupied military positions before war was even declared?
That would explain a lot:
→ Why the official search was cut short
→ Why native islanders swore she was captured by the Japanese
→ Why photos, testimony, and flight data were buried for nearly a century
Because if Amelia was working with U.S. Intelligence under Diplomatic fog…
…it means her disappearance wasn’t just tragic.
→ It was operational.
And the SYSTEM didn’t just FAIL her.
→ IT ERASED HER.
🧵3/13
Amelia Earhart vanished in 1937.
Two years before World War II officially began.
So why were her files locked behind 88 years of classification, protected by the NSA, ODNI, and Military Intel?
Because this wasn’t just a missing person’s case.
This was a BLACK-OP gone sideways.
WHAT IF her world flight was just the cover?
WHAT IF her real mission was reconnaissance over the Pacific?
WHAT IF she was mapping Japanese-occupied military positions before war was even declared?
That would explain a lot:
→ Why the official search was cut short
→ Why native islanders swore she was captured by the Japanese
→ Why photos, testimony, and flight data were buried for nearly a century
Because if Amelia was working with U.S. Intelligence under Diplomatic fog…
…it means her disappearance wasn’t just tragic.
→ It was operational.
And the SYSTEM didn’t just FAIL her.
→ IT ERASED HER.
🧵3/13
HILO ÚNICO (incluyo formularios gratuitos) LA VERDAD SOBRE LAS BALIZAS V16 CONECTADAS (y cómo defender tus derechos) EN CASO DE TUMBAR LA LEY, CON ESTO RECUPERARÁS EL DINERO DE LA COMPRA Y DE LAS SANCIONES
🚨 ATENCIÓN, PREICANOS:
A partir de 2026, cuando tengas un accidente o avería, tu baliza V16 enviará tu ubicación exacta a la DGT en tiempo real.
¿Y lo más grave?
👉 No existe una ley que lo autorice.
A partir de 2026, cuando tengas un accidente o avería, tu baliza V16 enviará tu ubicación exacta a la DGT en tiempo real.
¿Y lo más grave?
👉 No existe una ley que lo autorice.
El Real Decreto 1030/2022 obliga a que todas las balizas lleven un chip SIM y un GPS que transmite tu localización siempre que la uses.
Es decir:
Tu coche enviará su posición automática a una base de datos estatal.
Es decir:
Tu coche enviará su posición automática a una base de datos estatal.
The Matriarchy Problem - a 🧵
1/22 In reflecting on historical patterns of societal stability and gender dynamics, a striking asymmetry emerges. Throughout human history, societies have successfully integrated foreign women, often through conquest or alliance, without unraveling their core structures. Yet, attempts by women to replace native men with outsiders have invariably failed, leading to cultural erosion and collapse. Let us examine this carefully.
1/22 In reflecting on historical patterns of societal stability and gender dynamics, a striking asymmetry emerges. Throughout human history, societies have successfully integrated foreign women, often through conquest or alliance, without unraveling their core structures. Yet, attempts by women to replace native men with outsiders have invariably failed, leading to cultural erosion and collapse. Let us examine this carefully.
2/22 This observation stems from a deeper truth: men, bound by loyalty to land, kin, and culture, serve as the irreplaceable guardians of a society's continuity. Women, while providing essential biological and relational resilience, integrate more fluidly into existing frameworks. History bears this out repeatedly.
3/22 Consider successful integrations of foreign women:
Ottoman Empire: Harems incorporated Circassian and Slavic women, who became mothers of sultans and wielded influence, strengthening the dynasty without destabilizing male power structures.
Ottoman Empire: Harems incorporated Circassian and Slavic women, who became mothers of sultans and wielded influence, strengthening the dynasty without destabilizing male power structures.
Every couple generations we remove a load bearing rule because the problem no longer exists and find out why the rule existed.
Besides gambling and drugs, this has also happened with being tough on crime at least twice. What else has it happened with ?
Immigration is one of them - we closed the border for 40 years after the Ellis Island generation, then reopened it, then elected Trump, then swung back to Biden, and then people hated that, and swung back to Trump
Fruitful diplomacy ahead. Sunday – visit to Greece and important agreement on natural gas imports. Monday – historic deal with France in Paris to strengthen our combat aviation and air defense. Tuesday – talks in Spain on bolstering our air defense and initiatives with partners.
Not a single day is wasted for Ukraine. Today, we have already prepared an agreement with Greece on gas for Ukraine, which will be another gas supply route to secure imports for the winter as much as possible.
A historic agreement has also been prepared with France – there will be a significant strengthening of our combat aviation, air defense, and other defense capabilities. According to the visit schedule, this will take place on Monday.
NB: segue una lunga trattazione sulla presunta "gratuità" di parte dei fondi confluiti dall'UE nel PNRR, in cui si scompongono i vari essenziali passaggi, ripetendo, per una miglior comprensione complessiva, i vari punti giuridicamente e contabilmente fondamentali. Con un po' di pazienza, dovrebbe essere chiaribile, per chi leggesse, quale sia la situazione di oneri, a carico del nostro bilancio, che ci troveremo a fronteggiare nei prossimi anni (e anni...).
1. Per dissipare notizie non correttamente riportate costantemente a più parti, risulta ormai importante chiarire un punto specifico:
a) il NextGen EU è strumento finanziario dell’Unione europea (750 miliardi di euro) creato in risposta alla crisi indotta dal Covid-19.
Include una componente di fondi erogati agli Stati membri (312,5 miliardi di euro, potenziali a seconda delle effettive richieste degli Stati) in forma diversa, in apparenza, dallo schema del "mutuo", ed una componente erogabile agli Stati membri sotto forma di prestiti agevolati (360 miliardi di euro).
b) La prima componente è stata, non correttamente (sul piano dello schema logico-giuridico dell'operazione realmente posta in essere alla luce di inderogabili previsioni dei trattati), definita grants: questa terminologia, specialmente in Italia, ha creato un equivoco del tutto forzato ed inesatto, trattandosi tali "sussidi" cioè come se fossero "donati".
c) ed invece, le somme erogate come "grants" costituiscono una passività contratta dalla Commissione che COMUNQUE deve rivalersi sugli Stati per procedere, a sua volta, alla restituzione di tali fondi (agli investitori); questo poiché, i relativi fondi, non derivavano da un preesistente attivo liquido disponibile su un conto corrente della Commissione, ma, fin dall'inizio, sono stati previsti invece quali fondi raccolti mediante titoli di debito sul mercato;
d) PERTANTO, poiché vige il principio di stretto pareggio del bilancio UE (cioè pareggio ex ante e contabilmente sempre costante, per cassa), ai sensi dell'art.310, par.1.3, TFUE ("Nel bilancio, entrate e spese devono risultare in pareggio"), questa passività per i c.d. grants, sia pure con un deroga - eccezionale e transitoria - al principio di pareggio UE (per cassa e per competenza) è PRINCIPALMENTE prevista come estinguibile mediante contribuzione aggiuntiva a carico dei singoli Stati: in parte già nell'ampliato (come oneri a carico dei bilanci statali) quadro finanziario 2021-2027 e, in misura ancora maggiore, nel PROSSIMO quadro finanziario pluriennale UE (2028-2024).
e) Quest'ultimo, infatti prevede, FIN DA ORA, un aumento delle risorse totali a disposizione, fino a 1984 miliardi di euro, rispetto ai 1200 miliardi del settennato 2021-2027. Un aumento notevole, anche considerando che queste risorse APPUNTO includono anche circa 168 miliardi necessari per ripagare le risorse investite in NextGenerationEU sotto la voce dei grants.
f) Questa forma, solo in apparenza "indiretta", di restituzione dei grants, si affianca al distinto e individuale piano di ammortamento dei fondi a titoli di "prestito", per i quali (altresì) le restituzioni inizieranno dalla fine del 2026.
Nel post che segue sono riportate le disposizioni UE che, complessivamente, prevedono questo duplice metodo di restituzione, in osservanza del principio inderogabile di pareggio del bilancio UE ex art.310.1 TFUE.
1. Per dissipare notizie non correttamente riportate costantemente a più parti, risulta ormai importante chiarire un punto specifico:
a) il NextGen EU è strumento finanziario dell’Unione europea (750 miliardi di euro) creato in risposta alla crisi indotta dal Covid-19.
Include una componente di fondi erogati agli Stati membri (312,5 miliardi di euro, potenziali a seconda delle effettive richieste degli Stati) in forma diversa, in apparenza, dallo schema del "mutuo", ed una componente erogabile agli Stati membri sotto forma di prestiti agevolati (360 miliardi di euro).
b) La prima componente è stata, non correttamente (sul piano dello schema logico-giuridico dell'operazione realmente posta in essere alla luce di inderogabili previsioni dei trattati), definita grants: questa terminologia, specialmente in Italia, ha creato un equivoco del tutto forzato ed inesatto, trattandosi tali "sussidi" cioè come se fossero "donati".
c) ed invece, le somme erogate come "grants" costituiscono una passività contratta dalla Commissione che COMUNQUE deve rivalersi sugli Stati per procedere, a sua volta, alla restituzione di tali fondi (agli investitori); questo poiché, i relativi fondi, non derivavano da un preesistente attivo liquido disponibile su un conto corrente della Commissione, ma, fin dall'inizio, sono stati previsti invece quali fondi raccolti mediante titoli di debito sul mercato;
d) PERTANTO, poiché vige il principio di stretto pareggio del bilancio UE (cioè pareggio ex ante e contabilmente sempre costante, per cassa), ai sensi dell'art.310, par.1.3, TFUE ("Nel bilancio, entrate e spese devono risultare in pareggio"), questa passività per i c.d. grants, sia pure con un deroga - eccezionale e transitoria - al principio di pareggio UE (per cassa e per competenza) è PRINCIPALMENTE prevista come estinguibile mediante contribuzione aggiuntiva a carico dei singoli Stati: in parte già nell'ampliato (come oneri a carico dei bilanci statali) quadro finanziario 2021-2027 e, in misura ancora maggiore, nel PROSSIMO quadro finanziario pluriennale UE (2028-2024).
e) Quest'ultimo, infatti prevede, FIN DA ORA, un aumento delle risorse totali a disposizione, fino a 1984 miliardi di euro, rispetto ai 1200 miliardi del settennato 2021-2027. Un aumento notevole, anche considerando che queste risorse APPUNTO includono anche circa 168 miliardi necessari per ripagare le risorse investite in NextGenerationEU sotto la voce dei grants.
f) Questa forma, solo in apparenza "indiretta", di restituzione dei grants, si affianca al distinto e individuale piano di ammortamento dei fondi a titoli di "prestito", per i quali (altresì) le restituzioni inizieranno dalla fine del 2026.
Nel post che segue sono riportate le disposizioni UE che, complessivamente, prevedono questo duplice metodo di restituzione, in osservanza del principio inderogabile di pareggio del bilancio UE ex art.310.1 TFUE.
2. Il NextGenerationEU (NGEU) è regolato principalmente dal Regolamento (UE) 2020/2094 del Consiglio del 14 dicembre 2020 (che istituisce lo strumento di recupero e resilienza, con capacità di indebitamento fino a 750 miliardi di euro a prezzi 2018, di cui 312,5 miliardi in sovvenzioni non rimborsabili e 360 miliardi in prestiti).
Questo primo regolamento, è integrato dal Regolamento (UE) 2021/241 sul Dispositivo per la Ripresa e la Resilienza (RRF), dal Quadro Finanziario Pluriennale (QFP) 2021-2027 (Regolamento UE/Euratom 2020/2093) e dalle Decisioni sulle Risorse Proprie (in particolare la Decisione UE, Euratom 2020/2053, modificata dalla Decisione (UE, Euratom 2024/1893 per le "nuove" risorse proprie).
Il duplice meccanismo di restituzione – contributi nazionali aggiuntivi nel QFP per le sovvenzioni (grants) e piani individuali di ammortamento per i prestiti – è APPUNTO progettato per rispettare il principio di pareggio del bilancio UE ex art. 310, par. 1, TFUE
Questo primo regolamento, è integrato dal Regolamento (UE) 2021/241 sul Dispositivo per la Ripresa e la Resilienza (RRF), dal Quadro Finanziario Pluriennale (QFP) 2021-2027 (Regolamento UE/Euratom 2020/2093) e dalle Decisioni sulle Risorse Proprie (in particolare la Decisione UE, Euratom 2020/2053, modificata dalla Decisione (UE, Euratom 2024/1893 per le "nuove" risorse proprie).
Il duplice meccanismo di restituzione – contributi nazionali aggiuntivi nel QFP per le sovvenzioni (grants) e piani individuali di ammortamento per i prestiti – è APPUNTO progettato per rispettare il principio di pareggio del bilancio UE ex art. 310, par. 1, TFUE
3. Dunque, il meccanismo per le sovvenzioni (grants: ~312,5 miliardi, di cui ~168 miliardi per interessi e capitale da rimborsare via QFP) è così disciplinato:
A. Raccolta fondi e deroga al pareggio: Art. 3 e 5, Regolamento (UE) 2020/2094:
- autorizzano la Commissione a contrarre debito sui mercati (fino a 750 miliardi) per finanziare il NGEU. Quello che risulta più rilevante, per capire (se mai lo si voglia veramente) è che l'art. 5 citato deroga temporaneamente al pareggio per cassa (fino al 2026), ma impone che tutte le passività siano coperte da entrate future (nuove risorse proprie o contributi nazionali; i quali sono, poi, semplicemente una delle voci, la principale, delle prime, come prevede l'art.311, par.1.2 del TFUE), garantendo il pareggio ex ante e contabile costante (cioè, non è consentito nessun disavanzo strutturale).
B. Considerando (12) e art. 9, Decisione Risorse Proprie 2020/2053:
- specificano che il debito NGEU è "eccezionale e limitato" e deve essere rimborsato entro il 2058 senza impatto sul (ristabilimento del pareggio di) bilancio ordinario UE, tramite aumento delle masse massime delle risorse proprie (plafond da 1,40% a 1,46% del RNL UE per coprire il picco di rimborso).
A. Raccolta fondi e deroga al pareggio: Art. 3 e 5, Regolamento (UE) 2020/2094:
- autorizzano la Commissione a contrarre debito sui mercati (fino a 750 miliardi) per finanziare il NGEU. Quello che risulta più rilevante, per capire (se mai lo si voglia veramente) è che l'art. 5 citato deroga temporaneamente al pareggio per cassa (fino al 2026), ma impone che tutte le passività siano coperte da entrate future (nuove risorse proprie o contributi nazionali; i quali sono, poi, semplicemente una delle voci, la principale, delle prime, come prevede l'art.311, par.1.2 del TFUE), garantendo il pareggio ex ante e contabile costante (cioè, non è consentito nessun disavanzo strutturale).
B. Considerando (12) e art. 9, Decisione Risorse Proprie 2020/2053:
- specificano che il debito NGEU è "eccezionale e limitato" e deve essere rimborsato entro il 2058 senza impatto sul (ristabilimento del pareggio di) bilancio ordinario UE, tramite aumento delle masse massime delle risorse proprie (plafond da 1,40% a 1,46% del RNL UE per coprire il picco di rimborso).
▶️ T-Online hat zu Kontakten des Kreml mit AfD und BSW recherchiert.
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‼️Russland will auf die Abgeordneten einwirken, damit sie zentrale Projekte von Bundeskanzler Friedrich Merz untergraben."
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▶️ Deutschlands Energieunabhängigkeit,
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