Would you fly on an electric plane? And what technology is needed to make this unholy powertrain work? The challenges will lead to extraordinary designs...
This is the electric aviation thread!
In this thread we'll cover:
-Different electric & hybrid aircraft power systems.
-The challenge of full electric: Closing the energy gulf.
-Enabling tech: Batteries, motors, aerodynamics.
-Will it work?
Expect incredible concepts & links to specialist aerodynamics threads!
May 4 • 27 tweets • 11 min read
In 2022, short on electrical grid inertia and long on renewable power, Ireland installed the world's largest flywheel, 130 spinning tons.
Why did we do something so preposterous?
And are there other, better storage technologies? Let's find out.
It's the grid storage thread!
In this thread we'll cover all the major storage techniques and what they're good for. Be warned: There is NO perfect method.
Before we get started, the difference between power & energy:
Power (MW): How much oomph/ what can you power with this.
Energy (MWh): Power x time.
May 3 • 15 tweets • 6 min read
What do cloud formations around islands, the singing of wires in wind, suspension bridges and the legs of St. Christopher have in common?
It's the Von Karman vortex street, and it subtlety shapes the world around us.
Let's take a walk down the street...
We've all noticed it, the howling of wires in a gale. We may also have noticed eddies in streams or pondered why some chimneys have spiral fluting.
If we had the viewpoint of an angel we'd note the shedding of cloud spirals behind islands.
It is all interconnected.
Apr 26 • 24 tweets • 10 min read
The future of speed?
Yesterday the 220 knot Airbus RACER took to the skies for the first time: A high-tech compound helicopter.
But what are compound helicopters, why did work on them stop for three decades, and will the Racer bring them back?
A thread.
A conventional helicopter is great at hover & low speed manoeuvre but has an implicit speed limit: As the helicopter accelerates the advancing blade's airspeed gets higher until it approaches the speed of sound and the retreating blade's airspeed gets lower until it stalls.
Apr 19 • 26 tweets • 11 min read
What muscles move the wings of Icarus?
Let's go over fuels, turbopumps, boosters, nozzles, the lot...
It's the liquid rocket engine thread!
This will be a primer on space launch rocket engines and will cover the basics of:
Not literally, but let's find out what makes them tick, what challenges remain, and why the unreal prospect of cooling reactor cores with hot lead could be a Very Good Idea.
A thread.
Russia pioneered the use of lead cooled reactors in the 70s & 80s, with the November & Alfa class submarine reactors making use of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE ) coolant. The high thermal conductivity and low pressure allowed for a smaller, lighter, high power density reactor.
Apr 6 • 5 tweets • 2 min read
Things that sound simple & aren't: The bearing and oil system on a jet engine.
First, the main bearing locations on a Trent 1000 engine.
Bearings need oil, oil gets hot. Oil needs circulating and sealing.
Next, the seals...
Rotating labyrinth seals are used to contain oil and keep high & low pressure (and temperature) zones separate.
But a rotating labyrinth seal isn't perfect, especially when dealing with oil, and so we need something else...
Apr 5 • 23 tweets • 11 min read
Starship vs. Spaceplane...
The advent of Falcon 9 and, soon, Starship mean great things for space travel, but in the process they may have killed off something far more exotic.
In this thread we talk spaceplanes and the Rocket Based Combined Cycle engine!
Read on...
The principle behind the colossal engineering challenge of a reusable spaceplane is a twofold cost reduction: Firstly, rapid reusability. Second, fuel efficiency.
The likes of SpaceX are closing in on rapid reusability (though they're some way off yet), but fuel efficiency? No.
Mar 29 • 26 tweets • 11 min read
When 460 knots just isn't fast enough...
We've been cruising the globe at basically the same speed since the 1960s. Faster would be nicer, so what are the challenges facing hypersonic airliners?
Read on...
The speed of sound is the maximum speed that a pressure wave or vibration can pass through a substance. It varies with material & temperature.
Mach 1 is a speed equivalent to the local speed of sound. Airliners cruise at around Mach 0.85.
Hypersonic is above Mach 5-ish.
Mar 23 • 8 tweets • 3 min read
Lighting a candle for all mankind...
A Saturday rabbit hole to dive into: A selection of 7 energy threads, some mine and some from others, all in one place.
Read on... 1/ The Sorceror's Furnace: A nuclear power thread.
We've already discussed gas power, the dying breaths of an ancient past. We've contemplated charming the wind, tapping the arteries of Poseidon and the sorcery of the reactor core.
But can we power our world directly from the Forge Of Hephaestus?
In this thread we'll go over:
-Where does the heat come from?
-Different types of geothermal cycles & drawbacks.
-The future: Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS).
-If it succeeds, where will it take off first?
Mar 17 • 4 tweets • 2 min read
A treat for a Sunday: Different types of geothermal power plant!
1) Dry steam. The simplest type and suitable only for excellent, high T, well hydrated thermal resources. Water evaporates to steam fully. 27% of global capacity. 2) Single flash steam power.
When thermal energy is sufficient for partial steam generation only, requiring a flash stage before the turbine. Economically interesting if T>150C. 43% of global capacity.
Mar 15 • 25 tweets • 12 min read
Alchemy never died, it super-sized.
Oil refining changed the world, and the world changed refining. It won world wars, saved the whales and gave us wonders.
This thread is a tribute to the Alchemists of Oil!
In the 19th century, light was bought with the death of whales.
Crude oil was usable for lamps, but only at the cost of acrid smoke. Whale oil was cleaner and purer, and was typically used for oil lamps.
Refining was about to save the whales.
Mar 8 • 22 tweets • 10 min read
Stealing gold from Poseidon's teeth: It's the Tidal Turbine design thread!
Why are they all different, and which design is best?
Read on...
In some regions, tidal 'races' exist where geography channels the tides into strong flows, powerful enough for a turbine to extract energy directly.
Globally, these races may generate up to 1,000 TWh per annum, equivalent to 1/4 of US electricity consumption.
Mar 2 • 13 tweets • 4 min read
A thread for Saturday: Fun facts about the jet engine!
(And a whole bunch of threads inside.)
Here we go...
A high pressure turbine blade rotates so fast at peak power that the centrifugal force on a single blade is equivalent to hanging multiple London buses off the end. It also generates 1000 horsepower all by itself.
Mar 1 • 16 tweets • 6 min read
We owe our world to those who build...
In Sheffield lives an organization you have never heard of, that could help change the world and how it generates energy.
It's called the Nuclear Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, or NAMRC, and here are some of it's projects...
Last week I discussed the revolutionary thick section EB weld project headed by Sheffield Forgemasters, but that was just one project of several in the UK government's Advanced Manufacturing Materials competition, many of which involve the Nuclear AMRC.
Feb 23 • 20 tweets • 9 min read
A spark in the darkness...
This week Sheffield Forgemasters achieved, in 24 hours, the welding of a nuclear Small Modular Reactor RPV mockup that should have taken up to a year.
How?
Incoming energy revolution: This is the Electron Beam Welding thread!
What is Electron Beam Welding (EBW)?
EBW is a fusion weld process using a focused electron beam to deliver energy. It features very high depth to width ratios, precise depth control, purity and speed.
Fine. So how is this achieved, and what has this got to do with nuclear?
Feb 16 • 18 tweets • 8 min read
The Semi-Aeroelastic Hinge.
Or: How will this wobbly wingtip, and the albatross, revolutionise aircraft design?
Let's find out...
The world's hardest engineering challenge.
Fuel efficiency has been the unifying aerospace goal for decades, and relentless work on materials, powerplants, control & aerodynamics have plucked all the low hanging fruit.
We need new approaches, that we may kiss infinity.
Feb 9 • 24 tweets • 10 min read
You can't squeeze blood from a stone...
But with 1000 bar of water pressure, you can shatter shale with the fists of Poseidon, and squeeze out precious, precious methane.
This is The Fracking Thread!
Fracking is an old technique, frequently used for increasing production from worked-out oil wells, but has found new application in unlocking natural gas from tightly-held geology such as shale.
Let's step through this apparently brutal, yet sophisticated process.
Feb 2 • 21 tweets • 9 min read
Touching the void.
The glider that almost became a spaceship, how to surf the polar vortex and one man's extraordinary vision to fly higher than anyone...
...Without an engine.
The Perlan project, a thread.
Einar Enervoldson was a jet pilot & a glider pilot who in his youth contributed to the Sierra Project, performing the first scientific study on mountain atmospheric waves: Vast waves caused by powerful winds rising over mountains.