Thread by @MSS3RosaFerreum

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip The problem is that (on average) women get educated in less technical fields than men (which is why when the majority of graduates at every degree level are women, the majority of engineering majors are men) and (on average) women work less than men.

These differences aggregate.

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip Women get the majority of higher education degrees and this is true at every degree level, but men dominate in the majors of business, engineering, mathematics, computer science, and physical and earth sciences (aei.org/carpe-diem/cha…; aei.org/carpe-diem/wom…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip "[Women] have been a majority of college-educated adults for more than a decade. Women first received more than half of the bachelor's degrees awarded in the 1981-82 academic year; today they earn about 57% of bachelor's degrees"(pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019…; pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip "Many college [high-paying] majors … in tech and engineering are male[-]dominated, while [lower-paying] majors … in social sciences and liberal arts tend to be female-dominated, placing men in higher-paying career pathways, on average" (hbr.org/2017/04/women-…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip "But other research shows that pay declines when women move into a field (like biology), and compensation rises as men take a field over (like computer programming). So even if more women move into high-paying college majors, the result may not" change (hbr.org/2017/04/women-…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip Now, why might that be?

Could it be that women (on average) work fewer hours than men regardless of field making employing women a more expensive proposition on average (to make up for the time that those women are not working, which might necessitate hiring more workers)?

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip If you add up both the unpaid labor and paid labor, on average, men work more total time than women creating a #GenderedLaborGap pursuant to (as an example) the @BLS_gov's 2017 American Time Use Survey (bls.gov/news.release/a…) and @pewresearch's data (pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch According to the @BLS_gov, "[o]n the days they worked, employed men worked 49 minutes more than employed women. … However, even among full-time workers (those usually working 35 hours or more per week), men worked more per day than women—8.4 hours, compared with 7.9 hours."

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Pursuant to @BLS_gov data in the American Time Use Survey, the average man is getting the equivalent of over 26½ (8-hour) days of experience more than the average woman is getting on the job (bls.gov/news.release/a…, p. 2).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Now, looking only at full-time workers, pursuant to @BLS_gov data in the American Time Use Survey, the average man is getting the equivalent of over 16 (8-hour) days of experience more than the average woman is getting on the job (bls.gov/news.release/a…, p. 2).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Dividing the total hours worked into 8-hour workdays, using the @BLS_gov data from the American Time Use Survey, it's almost as if men (on average) are working nearly 12½ months a year to women's less than 12 (bls.gov/news.release/a…, p. 2).

Albeit slower, this adds up fast.

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch American Time Use Survey (with 2017 as an example) shows that women on average are not spending enough more time with their kids, doing chores, or anything else to explain women's lack of time working.

On average, men just work more in America (considering both paid and unpaid).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Let's do the math:

Table 8A, column 1: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.31 2.34
Caring for household: 1.01 1.85
Work-related activities: 5.46 3.37
==========
Total: 7.78 7.56

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Now comparing the men from Table 8B to the women from Table 8C (where the youngest child is under 6):

Women care for and help household members 2.08 more hours per day than men in the most extreme case presented by Table 8A, but men work 6.43 hours more per day than women.

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Similarly, comparing the men from Table 8B to the women from Table 8C (where the youngest child is under 6), women do household activities for 1.91 more hours per day than men in the most extreme case presented by Table 8A, but, again, men work 6.43 hours more per day than women.

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Let's do the math: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.26 3.17
Caring for household: 1.42 3.36
Work-related activities: 6.57 0.00
==========
Total: 9.25 6.53

Who is working more?

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch By comparing the men from Table 8B to the women from Table 8C (using the youngest child under 6 column), we see the situation where women are unemployed and spending the most time caring not only for the children but the whole family.

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Other @BLS_gov data (see below) indicates that 61% of families have both parents employed (bls.gov/opub/ted/2017/…), but does not indicate whether the mothers are working full-time or part-time.

The American Time Use Survey does have an answer in Table 8B.

Let's check that out.

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Let's do the math:

Table 8B, column 1: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.23 1.90
Caring for household: 0.93 1.52
Work-related activities: 6.35 5.01
===========
Total: 8.51 8.43

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Maybe women are forced to stay home with their kids and that causes the gap. If true, women with no kids should be working the same amount as men in the workforce as there is no reason not to since there is no reason to be on call and no extra household or child care duties.

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Let's do that math:

Table 8A, column 4: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.54 2.21
Caring for household: 0.07 0.07
Work-related activities: 4.11 2.83
===========
Total: 5.72 5.11

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Consider just workers:

Table 8B, column 4: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.34 1.80
Caring for household: 0.04 0.05
Work-related activities: 6.17 5.29
===========
Total: 7.55 7.14

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Whether you consider all currently childless folks (Table 8A) or just the ones working (Table 8B), women spend less time on paid labor and related activities and women spend less time working considering both unpaid domestic labor and paid labor added together. The pattern holds.

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Moreover, homemaking is not usually physically demanding work (unlike the paid labor many men do that women typically do not).

See, Women Workers and Women at Home Are Equally Inactive: NHANES 2003–2006 (available at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch "Women spent most of their day in sedentary (~55%) and light (~32%) activity, with limited lifestyle (~11%) and moderate vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (~2%), and there were no differences between the homemakers and [employed women]" (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch "A recent study conducted by the PEW Research Center found that stay-at-home mothers reported spending more time on childcare, housework, leisure activities, and sleep more than working mothers" (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Table 8A came from the @BLS_gov’s 2019 American Time Use Survey (bls.gov/news.release/a…) demonstrates that this #GenderedLaborGap continues to be a problem. It is not just something that existed as a freak accident of statistics in 2017.

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch 2019:
Table 8A, column 1: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.28 2.33
Caring for household: 0.95 1.80
Work-related activities: 5.72 3.35
==========
Total: 7.95 7.48

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch …so, @notlloomer80 and @StevenTrustrum, in the United States of America 🇺🇸, why can’t women (on average) work as many hours as men (on average)?

Per the @BLS_gov's American Time Use Survey, domestic duties aren't holding women back.

Men can do the work so why can't women?

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch "[O]nce we control only for one variable—hours worked—and compare men and women both working 40-hours per week in 2017, more than one-third of the raw 18.2% pay gap reported by the BLS disappears" (fee.org/articles/a-new…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Did you know that “unmarried, childless women under 30 who live in cities” already out-earn men pursuant to @TIME Magazine (content.time.com/time/business/…), @usnews & World Report (usnews.com/debate-club/sh…), and @PolitiFact's @PunditFact (politifact.com/punditfact/sta…)?

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact "What’s especially interesting is that women working 35-39 hours per week [in 2017] earned 107% of men’s earnings for those weekly hours, i.e., there was a 7% gender earnings gap in favor of female workers for that cohort" (fee.org/articles/a-new…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact Women being less productive than men (and that contributing to the pay gap) is apparently not news.

@LexyTopping writes "[m]en should work less and their employers and the government should help them to do so in order to close the gender pay gap" (google.com/amp/s/amp.theg…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping On page 5 of _The State of Pay: Demystifying the Gender Pay Gap_ (May 2018), Institute for Public Policy Research writes as part of their 3rd recommendation that "[c]hanging men’s working behaviour is a crucial component of closing the gender pay gap" (ippr.org/files/2018-05/…).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping "To reduce the gender stratification of full and part-time roles, and reduce the maternity penalty, employers could… introduce dedicated, paid paternity leave…, to advertise roles as flexible by default, and to encourage men to partake in job share arrangements." Id., p. 5.

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping The @IPPR continues stating that the pay gap "doesn’t take into account any of the drivers of different pay levels, such as age, qualifications, experience or seniority, or type of work" (ippr.org/files/2018-05/…, p. 6).

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR "As such, a firm-level gender pay gap does not indicate discriminatory practices, and is not unlawful" (ippr.org/files/2018-05/, p. 6).

So, @notlloomer80 and @StevenTrustrum, in the United States of America 🇺🇸, why can’t women (on average) work as many hours as men (on average)?

@StevenTrustrum @FASDisDV @notlloomer80 @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR The flip side of this is that women getting better educated than men and women working less than men is causing "[w]omen [to] hold nearly two-thirds of the outstanding student debt in the United States—almost $929 billion as of early-2019" (aauw.org/research/deepe…).