Thread by @ManifestHistory

Constitution of the Confederate States

1/ The leaders of the Confederacy were ardent admirers of the Founding Fathers and sought to preserve the core principles of the U.S. Constitution, viewing their new government as a refined version that stayed true to the original intent of limited federal power and states’ rights. However, they also aimed to address what they saw as flaws in the U.S. Constitution—issues like federal overreach, ambiguous protections for slavery, and economic policies that favored the North—making targeted changes to entrench Southern interests. While there were other minor alterations throughout the document, let’s break down some of the key differences, organized by where they appear.

2/ In the Preamble: The Confederate Constitution begins with “We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character,” emphasizing the sovereignty of individual states as a compact among them, whereas the U.S. version uses “We the People of the United States,” implying a more unified national entity. This change highlighted the Confederacy’s view of the union as a voluntary alliance of states.

3/ In Article I, Section 1 (Elections): The Confederate Constitution adds a citizenship requirement for voting, stating that “electors in each State shall be citizens of the Confederate States” and that “no person of foreign birth, not a citizen of the Confederate States, shall be allowed to vote for any officer, civil or political, State or Federal.” The U.S. Constitution leaves voter qualifications to the states without such explicit federal restrictions on foreign-born individuals.

4/ In Article I, Section 2 (Representation): The Confederate Constitution mirrors the U.S. three-fifths clause for apportioning representatives and taxes but explicitly uses the term “slaves” instead of the U.S. euphemism “other persons.” It also specifies that representation adjustments would be based on a census every 10 years, similar to the U.S., but reinforces state sovereignty in the process.

5/ In Article I, Section 6 (Congressional Privileges): The Confederate Constitution adds that cabinet members may participate in congressional debates on their departments’ matters (though not voting), a feature absent in the U.S. version, aiming to improve executive-legislative coordination. This was intended to address perceived inefficiencies in the U.S. system.

6/ In Article I, Section 8 (Powers of Congress): The Confederate document prohibits protective tariffs (allowing only revenue-based ones) and bans federal funding for internal improvements like roads or canals unless for navigation or defense, unlike the U.S. Constitution’s broader commerce clause interpretation that allowed such spending. It also requires the post office to be self-sustaining after two years and forbids export taxes, promoting free trade policies. Notably, in Clause 1, it replaces the U.S. phrase “provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States” with “provide for the common defence, and carry on the Government of the Confederate States,” removing “general Welfare” to restrain federal spending to essential government operations and prevent broad interpretations for welfare or improvement projects that could favor certain regions.

7/ In Article I, Section 9 (Prohibitions on Congress): The Confederate version explicitly bans the international slave trade, but adds protections for the domestic slave trade, prohibiting Congress from interfering with it between states. It also requires a two-thirds vote for admitting new states and bans states from impairing contracts by clarifying ambiguities in the U.S. document.

8/ In Article II (Executive Branch): The Confederate president serves a single six-year term with no re-election eligibility, compared to the U.S. four-year terms with potential re-election. The president gains a line-item veto on appropriations bills, allowing rejection of specific items while approving others, a power not in the U.S. Constitution.

9/ In Article III (Judicial Branch): The Confederate Constitution limits federal court jurisdiction more strictly, requiring cases to involve citizens of different states or foreign entities, and clarifies the Supremacy Clause to emphasize state sovereignty in non-conflicting matters, addressing U.S. debates over federal override.

In Article IV (States’ Relations): The Confederate version adds explicit language guaranteeing a republican form of government to each state and empowers Congress to protect states against domestic violence, but requires a state’s application for such intervention unless its legislature or executive cannot convene—making federal involvement more conditional than in the U.S. Constitution, which allows broader federal discretion. There were other changes as well, but these highlight the Confederacy’s efforts to refine the U.S. framework. Overall, these changes aimed to limit federal power while protecting regional interests. What do you think of these tweaks? End