How to draw ∞? Make a three-bar linkage with length ratios 1:√2:1 and the ends fixed at distance √2 apart. As white rods go around, the midpoint of the longer bar traces a curve called Bernoulli's Lemniscate. It's infinitely nice! [Wiki bit.ly/2sFDUaS] #50FamousCurves
Fun fact: The word "lemniscate" comes from the Ancient Greek λημνίσκος (lēmnískos) meaning "ribbon". #50FamousCurves
How to draw ∞? 1) Take the unit sphere S: x²+y²+z²=1. 2) Draw the hyperbola H: x²-y²=a² in the (x,y) plane. 3) Project H to S by shining light from the North Pole (0,0,1). 4) Turn the curve on S upside down.
The rotated curve projects to Bernoulli's lemniscate. #50FamousCurves
I've been looking at this for like 5 minutes now... it's so satisfying to watch. Behold the infinite l∞p! #50FamousCurves
Fun fact: Bernoulli's lemniscate is hiding in tori. If you slice a torus that has 2:1 major-minor radius ratio with a plane that touches its inside and is parallel to the axis you get a lemniscate of Bernoulli. #50FamousCurves
How to draw Bernoulli's lemniscate? 1) Draw a rectangular hyperbola with centre O. 2) With any point P on the hyperbola as centre & with radius PO draw a circle. 3) Repeat 2) for many times for different positions of P.
The envelope of the circles is a lemniscate. #50FamousCurves
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Earlier this year a friend* and I've solved a long-standing problem which, in part, meant finding the eigenvectors of this matrix. In this thread, I'll review our result and bits of 170 years of history
*J.F. van Diejen, Talca
1/n
The title of our paper is "Elliptic Kac–Sylvester Matrix from Difference Lamé Equation" and it was recently published in the mathematical physics journal Annales Henri Poincaré.
Just to "name-drop" some of the characters that will appear in the story: Sylvester (duh), Jacobi, Boltzmann, two Ehrenfests, Schrödinger and Kac (obvs).
(I'll expand the thread over several days so please be patient.)
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"Here's a photo of my boy, Peter. He doesn't yet know what the continuum is, but he doesn't know what fascism is either." - George Szekeres' message to Paul Erdős.
Peter Szekeres was born in Shanghai, where his parents George Szekeres and Esther Klein escaped from Nazi persecution in 1938.
Happy Ending Theorem: any set of five points in the plane in general position has a subset of four points that form the vertices of a convex quadrilateral.
Erdős gave this name to the theorem, because it led to the marriage of Szekeres and Klein
As a run-up to the "Introduction to Integrability" series (see my pinned tweet), I decided to share some interesting bits from the history of integrable systems.
Let's start at the beginning, shall we? So Newton...
#1 It all started with Newton solving the gravitational 2-body problem and deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion as a result. I would argue that this was possible, because the Kepler problem is (super)integrable. [1/2]
This roughly means that there are many conversed physical quantities like energy, angular momentum, and the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector. These conservation laws restrict the motion and allow for explicit analytic solutions of otherwise difficult equations. [2/2]