#OnThisDay in 1941 – Under instructions from Hitler, Hermann Göring orders Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question."
With the onset of Operation Barbarossa, mobile killing units of the SS, the Einsatzgruppen, and Order Police battalions were dispatched to the occupied Soviet Union for the express purpose of killing all Jews.
During the early stages of the invasion, Himmler himself visited Białystok in the beginning of July 1941, and requested that, "as a matter of principle, any Jew" behind the German-Soviet frontier was to be "regarded as a partisan".
His new orders gave the SS and police leaders full authority for the mass murder behind the front lines. By August 1941, all Jewish men, women, and children were shot.
In the second phase of annihilation, the Jewish inhabitants of central, western, and south-eastern Europe were transported by Holocaust trains to concentration/extermination camps.
The plans to exterminate all the Jews of Europe was formalized at the Wannsee Conference, held at an SS guesthouse near Berlin, on 20 January 1942.

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More from @marinamaral2

Feb 15
Colorized by me: In the surf, Asbury Park, New Jersey. Taken between 1900 and 1910.

Original by Detroit Publishing Co.
There are so many fun details in this one! I hope you enjoy it.
Read 4 tweets
Feb 5
(Please share if you like it!) Colorized by me: 🇵🇷 Plaza de Armas of San Juan, Old San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1903. This is one of the main squares in San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico.
My favorite detail:
📸 Detroit Publishing Co.
Read 4 tweets
Jan 14
In 1939, just months before the war would eventually come, Gandhi decided to write a letter and make an appeal to Adolf Hitler: "Dear friend, friends have been urging me to write to you for the sake of humanity."
__
Thread.
(...) "But I have resisted their request, because of the feeling that any letter from me would be an impertinence.

Something tells me that I must not calculate and that I must make my appeal for whatever it may be worth.
It is quite clear that you are today the one person in the world who can prevent a war which may reduce humanity to the savage state.

Must you pay that price for an object however worthy it may appear to you to be?
Read 5 tweets
Jan 12
Swedish physician Dr. Gustav Zander helped pioneer “mechanotherapy”. He would further develop these devices, going on to win a gold medal at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia for his exercise machines.
Movement as a therapeutic agent did already have its proponents—Zander was a follower of the movement cure promoted by an earlier pioneer of exercise Per Henrik Ling.
By the time the edition of his book, Dr. G. Zander’s medico-mechanische Gymnastik was published in 1892, he was well on his way to establishing Zander Institutes across the globe.
Read 5 tweets
Dec 23, 2021
Colorized by me: Children looking at Xmas toys in a shop window. New York, circa 1910.

🎅🏻 Best wishes for a wonderful Christmas and a Happy New Year!
📷 Bain News Service.
More from me, commissions, books, prints, all the good stuff: marinamaral.com
Read 4 tweets
Dec 18, 2021
Colorized by me: South end of Bowery, Coney Island, New York, 1903.

The Bowery was a raucous area where police frequently looked the other way as drinking, gambling, music and shows took place well into the night.
Coney Island's appeal was that anyone could find the type of experience they desired. For those looking for more variety and fun, and less refinement, the Bowery stood head and shoulders above Brighton Beach and Manhattan Beach.
Original by Detroit Publishing co.
Read 10 tweets

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