1) Are some subjects harder than others: yes, says this review. The hardest GCSEs are a grade harder than the easiest ones; the hardest A levels are two grades harder than the easiest. tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108… $ 
2) If we aligned them (so that, on average, a student is likely to get the same grade in each of their subjects), this would lead to substantial changes in the grade distribution/students' results in some subjects.
3) But does that mean we should align them? This paper (written by Ofqual employees but not the official Ofqual view) argues not, because their purpose is to validate achievement in the subject.
4) But the key takeaway for me is that there are very poor grounds to expect students to be getting a 4 in all their subjects (for example)...
5) For everyone who's asking about non-paywalled versions, try these working papers: gov.uk/government/pub…
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