The most famous lines in the play: let's get some value out of them!
JULIET
O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?
Deny thy father and refuse thy name;
Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,
And I'll no longer be a Capulet.
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First, that tricksy word WHEREFORE. It means WHY, so why did Shakespeare choose this word instead of why, which does appear 38 times in the text.
WHEREFORE is more sighing. It's more musical. More deliberate. It echoes the parents of R&J asking where their children are.
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These lines encapsulate the power (im)balance between Romeo and Juliet, and between men and women.
Throughout this scene, Juliet is consistent in setting the terms of their relationship:
If Romeo likes it, he's going to have to put the proverbial ring on it.
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Romeo, she suggests, could "deny" his father. She won't allow the same option for herself: he must be "sworn" if he wants her.
Ostracising herself from her family and being left without security is unconscionable.
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Juliet inhabits a world where women are defined by the male to which they're attached. She will not, under any circumstances, be consummating their relationship without being married first.
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Don't let your students settle for a bland reading of this scene as being "about love". Yes it's a love scene, but a typically spiky, Shakespearean one.
It's about the clash between sudden, breathtaking passion and cold reality, specifically the reality faced by women.
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That orchard setting is no coincidence either. This is Shakespeare, people! Stuff means stuff.
Fruit is ripening, things are getting ready to be plucked, and with my Biblical hat on, forbidden knowledge lies just within reach...
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Oh BONUS TWEET:
This scene is a also an excellent example of Romeo being OUTSIDE while Juliet is INSIDE. One has more freedom than the other, see?
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The extent to which the Witches cause rather than predict M's tragedy is deliberately ambiguous. And that's entirely Shakespearean: his tragedies always deal in blurred lines between fate, individual agency and outside influence.
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Shakespeare uses foreshadowing and verbal echoes to create the effect that the Witches are influencing events. We might say they create a pattern of events.
In Act 1 Sc 1 their line "fair is foul and foul is fair" is rich with meaning for the play as a whole.
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And of course, their influence over Macbeth is demonstrated when his first line in the play is "So foul and fair a day I have not seen" (Act 1 Sc 3).
The First Witch's speech in Act 1 Sc 3 is also worth exploring for its foreshadowing:
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Thinking about SLEEP and SLEEPLESSNESS in Macbeth.
Sleep is mentioned 34 times in the play. Sleep represents what we today might call "mental health": rationality, clear thought, natural order.
"Balm of hurt minds...Chief nourisher in life's feast", indeed (Act 2 Sc 2)
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Sleeplessness, conversely, is the sign of a damaged mind, of corruption, of the influence of evil.
In fact, the motif of sleeplessness is introduced in 1:3 by the First Witch as she plans to torture a sailor:
"Sleep shall neither night nor day / hang upon his penthouse lid"
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The first character to experience sleeplessness in the play is Banquo:
"A heavy summons lies like lead upon me,
And yet I would not sleep. Merciful powers,
Restrain in me the cursèd thoughts that nature
Gives way to in repose." (2:1)
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The influence of the mystery / whodunnit genre on An Inspector Calls is under-recognised. The formula, of a detective arriving at a well-to-do house with a family of unlikeable characters, was well established by 1945.
This was the era of Agatha Christie!
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Christie was already writing for the stage by 1945 and in her fiction had already begun to experiment with the genre: including, for example, Murder on the Orient Express whose punchline is *SPOILER* that every suspect with a motive helped to kill the victim.
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AIC uses the conventions of the genre to create its structure and tension. We know that all the Birlings (and Gerald) will be somehow related to the girl's death...but how? The first audiences probably expected that one of them was directly responsible or involved...
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Act 1 Sc 2
SOLDIER: "His brandish'd steel / Which smoked with bloody execution."
The soldier's account of Macbeth's exploits in battle establish him as a fierce warrior capable of bloody violence.
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The play sets up a contrast between Macbeth's skill and savagery in battle, shedding the blood of countless enemies, and his doubt and self-torment over killing one man when it's the King himself.
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"Blood" changes its meaning throughout the play: in battle, blood is a symbol of patriotism and heroism. Duncan tells the soldier his wounds "smack of honour". But later blood becomes a symbol of guilt and inescapable consequences.
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