Jin Xu 徐津 Profile picture
Aug 25, 2019 7 tweets 5 min read Read on X
Fragments of stone carvings scattered around at the burial site of the founding fathers of Tangut Kingdom - like a crime scene, barely disturbed since the destruction of the site by Mongols in 1227 as a punishment of the Tangut resistance, which caused the death of Genghis Khan.
A recently opened museum by the site shows a large number of objects, most for the 1st time, recovered from the imperial cemetery of Tangut Kingdom, a 2-century-long dynasty established in NW China by a people of Tibetan origin, its territory stretching from Ordos to Dunhuang.
Most objects on view are building blocks & fragments of stone statues & tablets with memorial inscriptions in both Chinese & Tangut scripts, the latter being invented in the 11th c by order of the Tangut King as a measure to establish a distinct identity of the newly-born state.
Complete pieces are nonexistent & grave goods are few, since the cemetery was razed to the ground by vengeful Mongols - stone tablets smashed into pieces, wooden structure set on fire, treasures buried in tombs looted. Then the site was forgotten for more than 700 years.
I grew up in a town near the site. When I was a kid, it was scarcely protected & rarely visited. Some local villagers buried their parents by the imposing tomb mounds, wishing to benefit from the auspicious fengshui associated with the imperial mausoleum. I even camped there once
Now the site is fully preserved; most modern structures were removed. It is also applying for UNESCO world heritage status, a recognition it well deserves. Last, a contrast of the site today & 25 years ago. L: me & my parents during summer vacation; R: me & my doctoral advisor😀
The site and the museum are located in Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. To learn more about the language, culture, and arts of the Tangut Kingdom, follow Andrew West @BabelStone and Michelle McCoy @midge_mccoy.

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More from @xujnx

Nov 5, 2021
Never posted this stone coffin of a Brahman couple from Kashmir. The man's epitaph survives: Chinese name-Li Dan, Sanskrit-Dasa "Servant of God." Moving to China when young, dying in 564 in today Xi'an, he was honored by Chinese emperors more than any known Sogdians of his days.
The tomb was discovered under the floor of a farmer's house. Except for a Byzantine gold coin from the wife's mouth, no valuables have been found in the coffin. The imagery on the coffin depicts guardian creatures of pure Chinese style, thus attracting little scholarly attention.
Read 4 tweets
Mar 8, 2021
Images on a 7th-c silk banner possibly by Sogdians in imperial Chinese workshop, sent to Japan as a gift, now in Horyuji Temple&a national treasure. I argue, in Sino-Platonic Papers, the royal hunting figure, though in Sasanian style, was intended to be viewed as Chinese emperor.
The paper is open access:
sino-platonic.org/complete/spp30…

Though no similar examples survived from that time in China, textual records mention royal hunting scenes in court paintings, and one could have been reproduced in a 7th-c palace in Samarkand: a Tang emperor hunting on horseback:
This is part of my study on Sino-Sogdian art. Thanks to Prof. M. Gasparini, a top expert on Sogdian silk, who suggests I expand this idea of Chinese sovereign in the “global” context proposed by another great scholar M. Canepa. Please also let me know if you have any comments!!
Read 5 tweets
Sep 4, 2020
Worth remembering, #Mulan is based on a Xianbei (proto-Mongol/proto-Turkic) heroine, who lived in North China when it was ruled by a dynasty of nomadic origin around the 5th c AD. Here's a 5th-c figurine of a Xianbei woman, known in history for their bravery and love of freedom.
In Mulan's times, or the Northern dynasties, women in armor and cavalry were not uncommon. Good at archery on horseback, Lady Pan (6th c), the wife of a Tibetan (Di) general, is said to fight side by side with her husband on the battlefield, thus gaining an epithet "General Pan."
Following these daring exemplars, Chinese women in the succeeding Tang dynasty (618-906) pursued greater freedom&power, testified to by numerous representations of women dressing themselves in men's fashion, playing polo, hunting, and by the reign of the female emperor Wu Zetian.
Read 8 tweets
Aug 12, 2020
10th-14th centuries, a sizable community of Tamil merchants & their families thrived in Quanzhou, a port city on SE coast of China and a starting point of maritime Silk Road. They brought the art tradition of South India to China, exemplified by hundreds of finely carved stones:
On the left is a statue of Vishnu, one of the most important deities in Hinduism and the protector of the universe. On the lower right is a stone shrine of Vishnu's wife Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, fortune, and luxury.
Mahadevi ? (replica), Shiva Lingam, and Shiva as the dancer (Nataraja). After Tamil merchants left China, their temples came down to ruins. These stone carvings were reused by local Buddhists, who worshipped them as Buddhist or Daoist deities.
Read 8 tweets
Jul 19, 2020
Mongolian archaeologists' discovery of "Dragon City" is last piece of the puzzle of a road (s) connecting the seat of Xiongnu empire on Mongolian steppe & the capital of Han dyn in Central China, a route no less significant than the Silk Road. Here're some recent finds along it:
"Dragon City" is located on the north side of the Khangai Mountains, a place celebrated as the cradle of nomadic civilizations in Mongolia. Over the past 2 decades, cemeteries of Xiongnu nobles (at Gol Mod) were uncovered near the city, yielding a wealth of spectacular objects.
From "Dragon City" going southeast for about 500 km, on the north edge of Gobi desert, archaeologists found a lengthy Chinese inscription on a cliff in 2017; it was carved in 89 AD by a Han-dyn general who led an expedition of Chinese-Xiongnu alliance against Xiongnu in the North
Read 8 tweets
Jul 11, 2020
One of the most prosperous and prominent Christian communities in the history of East Asia was a Turkic tribe called Ongud active in present-day central Inner Mongolia during 9th -14th centuries. I want to use this thread to show some remains of their cities, cemeteries, and art:
Onguds were converted to Christianity as early as the 9th c by Church of the East (Nestorian) priests who fled Central China due to the Tang emperor's persecution. Yet they rose to prominence in the 13th c by allying with Genghis Khan. Here're two 9th-c Nestorian stones in China.
With the wealth and power they received from Mongol (Yuan-dyn) rulers, Onguds built a splendid city (Olon Süme) in their homeland on the Mongolian grassland. In the ruins of the city, archaeologists uncovered foundations of a palace and a grand Nestorian or Roman Catholic church.
Read 8 tweets

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