Brian Kalt Profile picture
Feb 15, 2020 6 tweets 2 min read Read on X
Roger Stone’s case put pardons back into the news, so there are lots of questions—and wrong answers—about pardons circulating on Twitter. A thread is in order.

1. A pardon does not necessarily have a legal effect of declaring/admitting guilt.

See nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-ope…

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2. Impeached presidents can still issue pardons.

Johnson and Clinton issued heaps of pardons after being impeached. The pardon power has an impeachment exception, but it’s point is to separate the impeachment and criminal processes and limit pardons’ effect to the latter.

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3. Impeached presidents can still be pardoned for the criminal consequences of the things they were impeached for.

Robert Reich baselessly asserted otherwise in an op-ed that led to a lot of people on Twitter being misled. Here is a longer thread that debunks Reich’s error:

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4. It is unclear whether presidents can pardon themselves.

I devoted a whole chapter to this in my 2012 book: amazon.com/gp/aw/d/030012…. Like it or not, there are colorable arguments on both sides, so we can’t know for sure until (God forbid) there is an actual case.

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There are many other questions floating around, so feel free to tweet or DM me about pardons, impeachment, 25th amd., etc.

I have come here to chew bubblegum and correct misconceptions about constitutional procedures concerning the presidency...and I’m all out of bubblegum.

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Post-script: For some reason, #3 in the thread isn't showing up for some people, so here's a direct link to it.

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More from @ProfBrianKalt

Jul 13, 2021
This gambit is just the latest example of why the statutory line of succession shouldn't include the Speaker.

This isn't a partisan issue; it'd be nuts to have a D Speaker in the line of succession of a R administration, and equally nuts w/ a D administration and R Speaker.

1/5
Scholar-commentators (including me) have been arguing for reform here for decades, consistently—regardless of which party was in power.

It makes no sense to have a line of succession that could change partisan control of the presidency like this in the middle of a term.

2/5
The old statute had the Sec'y of State next in line. The current law passed in 1947, favoring the Speaker b/c of a notion that it should be someone elected, not appointed.

But that rationale was demolished in 1967, when 25A2 provided for filling VP vacancies by appointment.

3/5
Read 5 tweets
Feb 14, 2021
My initial tally (subject to change) of the 43 acquitters' post-vote statements:

16 relied entirely on jurisdiction, w/o criticizing Trump (Barrasso, Blunt, Crapo, Daines, Ernst, Fischer, Inhofe, Lankford, Lummis, Marshall, Risch, Rounds, Rubio, Shelby, Tuberville, Wicker).

1/
4 said there was no jurisdiction but mentioned other objections, w/o criticizing Trump (Braun, Hyde-Smith, Kennedy, Sullivan).

3 said the trial was unconstitutional but were not specific, w/o criticizing Trump (Blackburn, Hagerty, R. Scott).

2/
2 rested on objections other than jurisdiction, w/o criticizing Trump (Graham, Young).

1 said the Senate could proceed but shouldn't have, and reached the merits, w/o criticizing Trump (Cruz) .

1 was unclear as to reasons, w/o criticizing Trump (Johnson).

3/
Read 9 tweets
Feb 12, 2021
Thread on late-impeachment related questions asked in the trial.

Q1. Given that some pre-1787 state constitutions provided expressly for late impeachment, does the Framers' failure to do so suggest they didn't mean to allow late impeachment?

1/
A1: No pre-1787 state constitutions expressly ruled out late impeachment. Some did later—using direct language.

The Framers ruled out *other* things using direct language.

Their silence here thus does not suggest an intent to rule out late impeachment.

2/
Q2: If disqualification is not derivative of removal, is it possible to disqualify a sitting president without removing him?

A2: No. Art. II, §4 requires removal of sitting officials, separate from anything Art. I, §3 says about DQ and removal.

(thread extended as needed)

3/
Read 8 tweets
Feb 8, 2021
Trump's brief cites my 2001 article on late impeachment a lot: int.nyt.com/data/documentt…

The article favored late impeachability, but it set out all the evidence I found on both sides--lots for them to use.

But in several places, they misrepresent what I wrote quite badly.

1/4
One odd thing they do is cite me citing other sources instead of just citing those sources (e.g., p.17 & n.47). Another more problematic thing: they suggest that I was endorsing an argument when what I actually did was note that argument--and reject it (e.g., p.21 n.57).

2/4
There are multiple examples of such flat-out misrepresentations. The worst is page 30. They write, "When a President is no longer in office, the objective of an impeachment ceases."79

N.79 starts: "Kalt at 66."

What I actually wrote on 66 (discussion continuing onto 67):

3/4
Read 4 tweets
Jan 9, 2021
I try to answer questions (25th amendment, impeachment, pardons) people tweet at me but this week I haven't been able to get to every one.

Here's an FAQ thread-of-threads. Some link my books for more detail, but obviously I'm happy to answer questions on Twitter for free.

1/5
25th AMENDMENT

* 25A4 flowchart:

* What happens if there are acting secretaries?

* If 25A4 isn't used now, what's it even for?

* Where is the bar set for things like this week?thehill.com/opinion/white-…

2/5
25A (cont.)

* Who is in charge while the president contests a 25A4 action?
The VP definitely is: theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/…

IMPEACHMENT

* How can people be impeached if they've already left office?
(links only)

3/5
Read 7 tweets
Jan 6, 2021
For the "amazing demographic shifts" files:

It looks likely* that of the president, VP, and all 17 people in the line of succession, not one will be a straight white male Protestant.

* Assumes nominees are confirmed and front-runners are picked for Commerce and Labor.

1/3
Biden (Catholic)
Harris (Black/South Asian female)
Pelosi (Catholic female)
Leahy (Catholic)
Blinken (Jewish)
Yellen (Jewish female)
Austin (Black)
Garland (Jewish)
Haaland (Native American Catholic female)
Vilsack (Catholic)
Commerce front-runner Raimondo (Catholic female)

2/3
Labor front-runners Walsh (Catholic) and Su (Chinese female; don't know her religion)
Becerra (Latino Catholic)
Fudge (Black female)
Buttigieg (gay)
Granholm (Catholic female)
Cardona (Latino Catholic)
McDonough (Catholic)
Mayorkas (Latino Jewish)

3/3
Read 4 tweets

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