I'm teaching my presidency course, with today's topic being the sources of presidential power and influence, including the theme of crisis management and turning every crisis into a "war."
I also reflect on how my initial images of presidential leadership were forged during the years of LBJ and Nixon, two men who labored in the highly stylized shadow of JFK. I was the kid who watched conventions and followed politics when I was ten.
During the summer of 1973 I watched the Watergate hearings every day. Every day. That was reality TV before there was reality TV, because it was reality, even if at time it was often surreal.
I draw on those memories in teaching my course (I also drew on them when I met @JohnWDean many years later in the first of several encounters). I also now write about presidents, the art of politics, and decision-making.
I often try to imagine what the past was like for those who were experiencing it as their present.
I wonder what the future will make of 2020 and the state of the American polity and the presidency.
I wonder if future versions of me will be harsh or kind in judging us.
And, since it is now the fashion to link everything to #HamiltonMusical ... this seems appropriate ...
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Visual portrayals of what happened in Wilmer McLean's parlor on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House are worth some study.
Here's a simple early version: two generals, one table.
The table is a curious effort to bring together elements of the two tables involved in the event. Grant said at a brown wood oval table; Lee sat at a squarish marble table. Grant's chair was a swivel desk chair backed in leather, while Lee sat in a high-backed chair.
Yet it took a while for artists to include those four pieces of furniture, let alone to assign them to the general who used them.
As true Americans commemorate the anniversary of Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox, let's recall that the events of April 9 marked an end to one of the most successful pursuits in military history ... one that is often underappreciated.
In some sixteen days the US forces under Grant's command repulsed a breakout attempt, severed Confederate supply lines and railroads, forced the evacuation of Petersburg and the the Confederate capital at Richmond.
That's for starters.
They then outmarched a foe determined to escape, blocked any chance of the enemy combining forces in North Carolina, then headed the insurgents off before they could reach the protection of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
In the process the foe suffered nearly 50% losses.
Tomorrow is the anniversary of Robert E. Lee's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House.
Most of us recall the generous terms Grant offered Lee, which stood in contrast to his reputation as "Unconditional Surrender" Grant.
But what about Lee?
After all, on April 6, at the battle of Sailor's Creek, Lee watched as his army crumbled under US attacks. "My God, has the army dissolved?" Lee declared in desperation.
Lee was in dire straits.
Gone was any chance of uniting with Confederate forces under Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina.
Gone also was the chance of dealing any sort of significant blow against his foe.
All that was left was to continue westward to the protection of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
A few notes on Ulysses S. Grant's personal involvement with the institution of slavery prior to the American Civil War for those who might be interested ...
Grant grew up in an antislavery home. As a boy his father had worked in a tannery owned by Owen Brown, who had a son named John. I bet you've heard of him.
As a boy Grant attended a preparatory school in Ripley, Ohio, run by Reverend John Rankin.
What else did Rankin run? A stop on the Underground Railroad.
Recall Eliza's fording the Ohio in *Uncle Tom's Cabin*?
The real life event took place in this vicinity. The Eliza in question was Eliza Harris.
What stake did non-slaveholding southern whites have in the protection and preservation of slavery? Why would they support secession? Why would they go to war?
Reasonable questions.
First, not all white southerners supported the Confederacy. There were Unionists. There were also deserters.
The Confederacy had to resort to conscription in 1862 to recruit its ranks. Even Lee complained about desertion and questioned the commitment of Confederate civilians.
Still, a lot of non-slaveholding whites did support secession and joined the Confederate armed forces.
Does that meant that the Confederacy did not rest upon the foundation on slavery?