THREAD - History doesn't repeat itself, but it rhymes: a thread about the **Anti-Mask League** of 1919.
I'm not kidding I went HAM researching this
So, starting in Sept 2018 San Francisco suffered from Spanish Flu pandemic.
Initial mask wearing was good -- around 80 percent
I'm not kidding I went HAM researching this
So, starting in Sept 2018 San Francisco suffered from Spanish Flu pandemic.
Initial mask wearing was good -- around 80 percent
By November cases were down, and public health officials recommended re-opening the city.
Residents rushed to entertainment venues after having been denied this communal joy for months. The Mayor himself was fined by his own police chief after going to a show without a mask.
Residents rushed to entertainment venues after having been denied this communal joy for months. The Mayor himself was fined by his own police chief after going to a show without a mask.
But a second wave surged in Dec 1918, and SF's Health Officer again urged people to wear masks voluntarily
Left to their own devices, most citizens - by one count 90 % - refused to wear masks. Businesses, concerned about Christmas sales, opposed. So did Culinary Workers union
Left to their own devices, most citizens - by one count 90 % - refused to wear masks. Businesses, concerned about Christmas sales, opposed. So did Culinary Workers union
San Francisco residents were fed up. This was the second wave of the pandemic, and they had already spent months between Sept and Nov being hassled, fined and even arrested for not having a mask on. Challenges of constitutionality were heard.
Christian Scientists objected, arguing that it was "subversive of personal liberty and constitutional rights." Civil libertarians argued that if health officials could force them to wear masks, then it could force them to inoculate "or any experiment or indignity."
The San Francisco Chronicle turned against the notion of mandatory masks.
Was the death rate high enough to justify remasking?
Wasn't this just the return of normal seasonal colds?
How much was this due to a public 'scare' and hype?
Was the death rate high enough to justify remasking?
Wasn't this just the return of normal seasonal colds?
How much was this due to a public 'scare' and hype?
An op-ed ran in the local paper w/headline ‘What’s The Use?’ after a man got sick despite following public health guidelines. A promised vaccine turned out to be bogus
100s of citizens congregated on Dec 16 to debate a masking order.
100s of citizens congregated on Dec 16 to debate a masking order.
On Dec. 18 someone had sent what appeared to be an improvised explosive device to San Francisco's public health official signed, 'Compliments from John.' (!!!)
The story via historian Alfred W. Crosby:
The story via historian Alfred W. Crosby:
San Francisco’s Public Health Officer stuck by his guns, refusing to back down, and saying there was evidence that masks helped!
He implored the public to look to the data! Wear masks! They help!
More via Crosby:
He implored the public to look to the data! Wear masks! They help!
More via Crosby:
But the public declined to listen to SF's Public Health Officer.
On Dec 19, officials voted down a mandatory mask order.
“The dollar sign is exalted above the health sign," sighed the public health officer.
By far the worst day of flu/pneumonia deaths followed on Dec 30
On Dec 19, officials voted down a mandatory mask order.
“The dollar sign is exalted above the health sign," sighed the public health officer.
By far the worst day of flu/pneumonia deaths followed on Dec 30
Flu got worse in San Francisco when masking was voluntary.
A representative of organized labor relented: "It is of no time to quibble over the worth of the mask. It is the best thing we have found to date, and if you have anything better, for God's sake, give it to us."
A representative of organized labor relented: "It is of no time to quibble over the worth of the mask. It is the best thing we have found to date, and if you have anything better, for God's sake, give it to us."
So on Jan 10, 1919 local officials voted to approve a new mandatory mask order after 600 new cases were reported that day.
Citizens were arrested/fined for not having masks on, but widespread disobedience of the order continue & large numbers of citizens refused to wear masks.
Citizens were arrested/fined for not having masks on, but widespread disobedience of the order continue & large numbers of citizens refused to wear masks.
Protests continued:
Over 2,000 people attended an event formed by San Franciscans called themselves 'THE ANTI-MASK LEAGUE,' denouncing the mandatory masking ordinance
The gathering was of "public spirited citizens, skeptical physicians and fanatics," writes historian Crosby
Over 2,000 people attended an event formed by San Franciscans called themselves 'THE ANTI-MASK LEAGUE,' denouncing the mandatory masking ordinance
The gathering was of "public spirited citizens, skeptical physicians and fanatics," writes historian Crosby
Moderates in the Anti-Mask League wanted to circulate an anti-mask petition. Extremists wanted to initiate recall proceedings of SF's Public Health Officer.
Chaos broke out until someone shouted, "I rented this hall and now I'm going to turn out the lights." (Mak note: lol)
Chaos broke out until someone shouted, "I rented this hall and now I'm going to turn out the lights." (Mak note: lol)
The San Francisco Public Health Officer was a man named Dr. William C. Hassler.
Think of him as the 1919 Dr. Fauci.
Ignored by those who didn't want to believe the data, threatened with violence, Hassler was conscientious and performed his job with distinction
Think of him as the 1919 Dr. Fauci.
Ignored by those who didn't want to believe the data, threatened with violence, Hassler was conscientious and performed his job with distinction
I haven’t read anything about how many people became sick DUE to the Anti-Mask League event, where 1000s gathered to protest without masks.
So we may not know how many people, if any, became sick due to this congregation
But safe to say it was not helpful during pandemic
So we may not know how many people, if any, became sick due to this congregation
But safe to say it was not helpful during pandemic
On Jan 17, the day the masking ordinance went into effect, the # of new cases/deaths declined, the first decline in quite some time.
This continued until the epidemic faded, a signal that the mask ordinance had helped wipe out the Spanish Flu in San Francisco
This continued until the epidemic faded, a signal that the mask ordinance had helped wipe out the Spanish Flu in San Francisco
Of course, the SF Public Health Officer -- the 1919 version of Dr. Fauci, got no credit for the decline in influenza cases.
People continued to gripe about the masking even after the pandemic had been stalled by it
People continued to gripe about the masking even after the pandemic had been stalled by it
No one seemed to credit masking for the success of blunting the Spanish Flu in San Francisco -- because, well, the crisis faded due to its success
"Rarely has the evidence in support of a scientific hypothesis been more overwhelming and more deceiving," writes historian Crosby
"Rarely has the evidence in support of a scientific hypothesis been more overwhelming and more deceiving," writes historian Crosby
Ultimately San Francisco was one of the American cities hardest hit by the Spanish Flu.
673 per 100,000 people died during the pandemic due to influenza and pneumonia, per U of Michigan.
50K cases total and 3,500 were killed, per Crosby.
673 per 100,000 people died during the pandemic due to influenza and pneumonia, per U of Michigan.
50K cases total and 3,500 were killed, per Crosby.
PHOTO: Masks being worn by players during a baseball game, in newspaper Mar 1, 1919 via The Independent
books.google.com/books?id=1Vusi…
books.google.com/books?id=1Vusi…
The 1918/1919 protests against mask wearing and other public health measures have parallels to today
We learn through this episode that various groups of Americans have been pushing back against public health measures for more than a hundred years -- and for similar reasons!!
We learn through this episode that various groups of Americans have been pushing back against public health measures for more than a hundred years -- and for similar reasons!!
In learning about the Anti-Mask League of 1919, we see many of the same human elements as today:
a portion of the population resistant to the measures; a business community crying out for relief; a second wave after an initial loosening; threats to public health officials
a portion of the population resistant to the measures; a business community crying out for relief; a second wave after an initial loosening; threats to public health officials
This is essentially a report that I pieced together by reading sources after getting curious about the 1919 Anti-Mask League. Any mistakes are my own.
I started by drafting a few tweets and then spent an hour and a half researching it last night. One thing led to another...
I started by drafting a few tweets and then spent an hour and a half researching it last night. One thing led to another...
SOURCES:
The University of Michigan's Influenza Encyclopedia
The San Francisco Chronicle’s archives
America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 by Alfred W. Crosby
American Pandemic by Nancy Bristow
/END THREAD
The University of Michigan's Influenza Encyclopedia
The San Francisco Chronicle’s archives
America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 by Alfred W. Crosby
American Pandemic by Nancy Bristow
/END THREAD
Oops obviously I meant Sept 1918 here in the first tweet
I went on the @NPREmbedded podcast to talk at length about the 1918/1919 Anti-Mask League in San Francisco!
You can listen to it doqn below, or read about it in the thread up above:
open.spotify.com/episode/62PeZg…
You can listen to it doqn below, or read about it in the thread up above:
open.spotify.com/episode/62PeZg…
