Just over a year ago, @PdxInteractive released the grand strategy game "Imperator Rome". Because I have nothing better to do on a Thursday, I decided to make a THREAD dedicated to how South Arabia is represented in this game (1/n) Image
As the title implies, the game focuses on the rise of Rome and starts some decades a/Alexander's death and the rise of the Diadochi kingdoms in the Mediterranean and Middle-East in 304 BCE. Like most Paradox games, there are a MASSIVE amount of factions, between Britain and India Image
This is what the Arabian Peninsula looks like. My impression is that most of the factions here are based on Greek and Latin descriptions of the region, with some areas "painted in", with some areas being rather unhistorical (e.g. Thamud) @Folk_Kootstra might know more about this? Image
Let's look at South Arabia more specifically. Seeing how the game is set in 304 BCE, the most egregious problem is the presence of Himyar. The Himyarites came into being at the end of the 2nd century BCE, 200 years after the start of the game. Image
The area called "Himyar" should in fact probably be split between Saba and Qataban. In the reddit thread I suggested having the Himyarites appear when certain in-game conditions are met.
One of the other things that could be improved is the representation of the mountainous areas of Southwest Arabia. One of the major reasons why large-scale farming & urbanization was possible was due to the rainfall made possible by the Sarawāt and Haraz mountain ranges. Image
In-game, this doesn't really shine through. The highest mountains in Yemen are over 3 000 meters high, but the game kind of makes it look like a minor highland. Compare Southwest Arabia to the Apennines in Italy and the Zagros in Western Iran. Image
Speaking of urbanization, another thing that stands out is the lack of cities in South Arabia. Of course we don't have the same data as for Greek and Roman cities, but there were massive urban centers in Yemen, at least according to Strabo. Image
Speaking of cities! Right now the capital of Saba isṢanʿā (which should really be Ṣanʿaw or sth like that), but at this period it should be Mārib. I'd really like to see that changed in a future update. Image
There are also some ways to add more flavor: a great idea would be have a game mechanic for the Marib dam, including its maintenance/repair/restoration. Keeping the dam in proper order was both politically and religiously important for the rulers of South Arabia. Image
The game could represent this by having players choose whether or not to invest in maintaining and/or repairing the dam at certain intervals, with potentially catastrophic results if they choose to ignore it. Image
A final suggestion I would make (for now) would be to replace the Latinate names of South Arabian locales with their (reconstructed) forms. So instead of Emporion we'd get Makhā, instead of Felicita we could go with Qaniya(t), and Mariaba should of course be Marib.
Anyway, I'd recommend everyone to try out the game. It's a lot of fun and despite my nitpicking, it feels really great to restore the Kingdom of Saba to include all of South Arabia and to enact revenge on Aksum. Would recommend, 10/10.
Oh, and before I forget: a link to the subreddit thread, where I go into some more details: reddit.com/r/Imperator/co…

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More from @koutchoukalimar

Oct 9, 2023
I am extremely happy to be able to announce that my doctoral thesis, entitled "Our ˁirbīt is not like your ˁarabiyya! – Linguistic and socio-political change in Late Antique South Arabia (550 – 850 AD)" has been accepted for defense.
It will take place on Dec 8, 2023. 🧵 Image
Why linguistic change in South Arabia during this period? As most historians of the region will tell you, this is a period for which we have very little direct evidence.
Local writing traditions in South Arabia come to an abrupt end around 560 AD (!!!) The youngest dated South Arabian inscription (CIH 325) was written in the year 559 AD (Himyarite calendar 669) and talks about the reparation of a dam! Speak of anti-climactic.
For the next two centuries, there are no primary sources that can tell us about what happened in South Arabia during this pivotal time in history (see Smith)
I decided to look at how processes of language contact can at least help us understand this period a bit better. Image
Read 13 tweets
Mar 22, 2022
As I'm nearing the end of my thesis, I wanted to share with Twitter some things I've been working on.

For those don't know: my thesis on linguistic change (in its broader social context) in Late Antique South Arabia (c. 300 – 800 AD).

It's a WIP, so things may change!
Before the coming of Islam, South Arabia (think what is now Yemen, but a bit bigger) had been home to several civilizations which had their own languages and also wrote in another script. Though sharing a distant ancestor, the South Arabian and Arabic scripts are very different! ImageImage
The recorded history of South Arabia begins c. 1000 and BC, when the Sabaeans adopted the South Arabian script and began writing inscriptions. Over the next centuries, this script got adopted by the other major South Arabian states: Maʿīn, Qataban, and Ḥaḍramawt. Image
Read 19 tweets
Nov 2, 2021
Was there anyone who could read South Arabian inscriptions after the coming of Islam?

A thread 🧵re-evaluating the skills of the Yemeni scholar al-Hamdānī (died c. 950), and what he knew about the inscriptions of pre-Islamic South Arabia.
Al-Hamdānī was so well-known for his knowledge on anything related to South Arabia that he earned the nickname Lisān al-Yaman, i.e. "The tongue of Yemen". This is no joke: he knew things about astronomy, geography, history, topography, linguistics, folklore, metallurgy, and more.
As far as we know, he authored three books:
- Ṣifat ǧazīrat al-ʿarab, "Description of the Arabian Peninsula"
- Kitāb al-ǧawharatayn, "The book of the two metals [i.e. gold & silver")
- Kitāb al-Iklīl, "The Crowns".

Of this last one, only volumes 1, 2, 8, 10 & 12 survived.
Read 17 tweets
Nov 1, 2021
This inspired me to make a small🧵about this phenomenon from one of my own fields of study, the niche field of pre-Islamic South Arabian studies.

About South Arabia's identification with India (what?!) and sourcing on Wikipedia. Let's have a look.
This is from the Wikipedia page "South Arabia". Overall, it's not bad. At times, it feels a bit amateuristic, but I've seen worse.
But look at the etymology part. Yes, sometimes South Arabia is identified with India in Greek and Roman (and also Jewish Aramaic) texts, but why? ImageImage
Wikipedia says that's because the Persians, who annexed the area around 560, thought Indians and Ethiopians were similar, as both are "dark-skinned". This makes alarm bells go off, because references to South Arabia-as-India are much older than that. But let's look at the source.
Read 10 tweets
Jan 29, 2021
Last week I tweeted this. One of the comments argued that the origin of Arabic qamīṣ < Latin camisia is hypothetical. It reminds me of people sometimes say "well [proven thing] is just a *theory*".

A thread on methods in historical linguistics.

bit.ly/3iXqTTf
The further one goes back in history, the more difficult it becomes to find direct evidence for how a word was pronounced or where it came from. Many cultures, but certainly not all, invented writing systems, making our job somewhat easier, but certainly not always.
So what kind of methods can we use to figure out where a word came from.

Firstly: phonology. As a language changes, so does pronunciation. Certain sound changes are much more common than others. For example, /k/ > /t͡ʃ/ is much more common than //t͡ʃ/> k.
Read 20 tweets
Dec 25, 2020
!𐩺𐩣|𐩣𐩥𐩡𐩵|𐩫𐩧𐩯𐩩𐩯|𐩷𐩺𐩨𐩬

For Christmas, let's talk a bit how Christianity spread to South Arabia. And fully in the spirit of the season, this is a story of slavery and mass murder. Image
Most people who know something about South Arabian history have heard about the martyrs of Najran. In or around 523 CE, the South Arabian ruler Yūsuf ʾAšʿar Yaʾṯar (called Dhū Nuwās by later Muslim authors ) massacred the entire Christian population of Najrān. Image
Most Muslims connected this event with what the Qur'ān (85:4-7) calls the "Companions of the pit" (ʾaṣḥab al-uḫdūd). The Qur'ānic allusion is rather vague, so other interpretations are also possible. This is discussed in David Cook's article "The Aṣḥab al-Uḫdūd". Image
Read 13 tweets

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