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Sep 12, 2020 18 tweets 9 min read Read on X
Facebook's public and private groups for trafficking illicit antiquities continue to grow

We're going to take you through antiquities trafficking posts from this month to examine how group members communicate, field offers, and even mock those attempting to offer fakes.

THREAD
Facebook's black market antiquities groups allow anyone to become an amateur trafficker, democratizing the illicit trade

As such, many users don't know the value of what they find, and take to Facebook for info and buyers. Such is the case of this sword from a user in Morocco
The user is based in Ouarzazate, Morocco, and he tells the over 110,000 members in his trafficking Facebook group that he "found this sword old that has writing" but he's unable to translate it.

He needs to know what is says and how old it is to determine its value.
Fellow group members begin sharing their thoughts

User 1 asks where the sword was found, a cave or underground?

He and the author begin a back and forth about whether the sword is from Spanish or Portuguese colonization of Morocco — this could determine age and therefore value
User 1 ends the convo by telling the author to keep the sword, it's a masterpiece and he would regret selling it

But others have thoughts too

User 2 tells the author it's valuable, and experts in Europe can tell him just how valuable—swords like this are often sold at auctions
Not all artifacts offered for sale are real. Democratized trafficking can bring amateurs with fakes too.

Here in the largest Facebook antiquities trafficking group, a user wants to know the value and age of a jar in his possession
He is quickly mocked by other users...

In the first comment on his post, user one posts that the jar is "an estimated 3 years old" and bookends his comment with crying laughing emojis.

The comment was "liked" and "laughed at" but other group members who agree.
After a deluge of comments about the modern nature of the piece user 5 steps in to tell other group members not to mock the post author. He is asking to learn, not be mocked.

Still, user 7 follows with "made by 9/9/2020", which is the date the author posted the jar.
This kind of trafficking group mockery, which is reinforced by "likes" & "laughs" on mocking comments, serves as a means of informal social checks that more serious traffickers often put on their digital black market system.

It discourages others with fakes from offering them.
Group members who call out fakes are also signaling that they can tell the difference and are more important in the trafficking chain.

That's when members like user 9 step in to post similar items, either to get confirmation on authenticity or offer their real wares for sale.
Paging @artcrimeprof — the users in this thread mocking fakes in trafficking groups might be the only looters and traffickers you can oddly appreciate
Users in Facebook trafficking groups don't always post offers, we also see them posts requests

We've previously discussed the issue of gold, and how both fake and real coins made of gold are coveted for their broader market value

Here, the post author specifically requests gold
The post author here states that he only wants material available in Giza and Cairo.

There are two main ways users will signal that they have material to satisfy the post author's request: 1) they ask to communicate via private message, or 2) They post photos of their material
Other comments include warnings to members.

User 2 shares a Facebook group for "The most dangerous antiquities swindlers in Egypt"—he also happens to be the group admin.

The group, which exposes trafficking frauds, was created on Sep 8 and already had 226 members as of Sep 12
We have increasingly seen groups like this meant to protect fellow traffickers who are more 'honorable' (for lack of a better word) & expose frauds & scammers who prey on more vulnerable individuals.

While the group description decries terrorism, all of the posts expose scammers
And finally, when it comes to Facebook antiquities trafficking there are also the more straight-forward transactions and communications

Here, a user in Baghdad, Iraq offers pottery with a simple post: An image of the item and the note "For Sale"
On September 9, just days after the post from a user in Baghdad, authorities confiscated a hoard of artifacts being trafficked in the Dhi Qar Governorate of Iraq

The items seized included one just like this - but the one offered on Facebook isn’t broken
Group members seized on the opportunity to purchase shortly after the author posted his artifacts in the Facebook antiquities trafficking group

2 users asked the price, the group author responded as many do: "message privately

Now, the final transaction disappears out of sight

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More from @ATHARProject

Aug 12, 2021
THREAD: Being a veteran “treasure hunter” that sources from developing countries with histories of antiquities looting isn’t an asset — its a serious problem.

@insidehook may want to consider the risks associated with what they’re promoting here.

We’ll break it down👇
.@insidehook says Casa Berbere sells “antiquities from the four corners of the world… work[ing] with a wide network of reputable dealers from Thailand to Tunisia.”

Problem: Tunisia doesn’t legally allow the sale/export of antiquities so not sure how reputable those dealers are.
“Under Tunisian law, the export of movable property is prohibited. Temporary export of movable cultural property is subject to authorization of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs.”

eca.state.gov/files/bureau/t…
Read 14 tweets
Jul 7, 2021
Facebook is still providing traffickers with a direct line to financiers of looting activities.

Here, a looter in Egypt posts a video of the pharaonic reliefs he has access to, he just needs funding to help finish the site

A recent case shows how a funding scheme works-THREAD
On June 30, Egypt announced the detention of a gang of 19 people, including a wealthy businessman and a former MP, for a vast scheme that involved both looting and trafficking antiquities

english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/…
Businessman Hassan Rateb was not doing the illegal excavating of course, but it was an activity he spent millions to help finance.

youm7.com/story/2021/7/1…
Read 12 tweets
Dec 14, 2020
THREAD: How Facebook's facilitation of antiquities trafficking can feed conflicts.

Here, a user in Yemen posts a Quran for sale in a Facebook group for manuscript and antiquities trafficking.

The group was created last month despite FB's June policy banning such activity.
The user's Facebook page lists his location in Sana'a, Yemen.

Sana'a's old city is a @UNESCO World Heritage site that has played an important role in both Arab and Islamic history. whc.unesco.org/en/list/385/

In recent years, the area has been devastated by conflict.
A deeper look at this user's Facebook profile shows that he "likes" (and follows) multiple pages for the sale of weapons.

Much of Sana'a has been captured by Houthi forces, who are mired in a conflict against Sunni tribes and their allies including Saudi Arabia.
Read 10 tweets
Dec 6, 2020
THREAD: This group created last month for trafficking Jewish artifacts and manuscripts is still growing

Material from users in conflict zones is still pervasive and generating interest

This user listed in Benghazi, Libya posted a series of Jewish books and manuscripts for sale
Whether these manuscripts are real or fake, they can still fund illicit networks. In some cases, like the forged Dead Sea Scrolls at the Bible museum, real ancient & looted material can be used to make forgeries.

The September date in the user's photos suggests they are not new.
Regardless of the authenticity, the items generate significant interest among other users in the group

Over a dozen users reply to inquire if the materials are available in Marrakech, Tunisia, Algeria, or Libya

The group admin replies to inquiries to confirm items are in Libya
Read 5 tweets
Nov 30, 2020
THREAD: Facebook relies on the public, researchers, & journalists to moderate their platform. But even blatantly violating content does not get removed.

On Sat. we reported weapons for sale in an antiquities trafficking group—it went as expected.

Facebook, this is unacceptable.
On Saturday, November 28, ATHAR found and reported an advertisement post in a Facebook antiquities trafficking group that was offering weapons for sale to anyone in Egypt.

The user, listed in Cairo, was offering delivery to any governorate.
Facebook's Community Standards explicitly ban content that "Attempts to buy, sell, trade, donate, gift or solicit firearms...between private individuals, unless posted by a real brick and mortar store, legitimate website, brand or government agency"

facebook.com/communitystand…
Read 15 tweets
Nov 28, 2020
THREAD UPDATE 2: Three days ago we highlighted how this Facebook group created on Nov 6 for trafficking books and artifacts had doubled.

It gained another 500+ members in that 3 days, and more illicit material is being offered for sale from across MENA, including in conflict. Image
New material is offered in this antiquities trafficking Facebook group every hour.

Just three hours ago a user, who does not have a listed location, offered a handwritten Quran for sale.

Within minutes group members inquired about the price.

This is the Facebook black market. Image
On Nov. 27 a user listed in Basra, Iraq offered 16 artifacts for sale in the Facebook trafficking group created on Nov. 6.

While most of the material is likely fake, *it still monetizes illicit networks,* and pieces like the gold coins can be sold for their material value. ImageImageImageImage
Read 6 tweets

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