8/We covered up this energy technology stagnation with super-cheap oil for a few decades, but 1973 brought that to a halt.
That pushed us from a world of "atoms" innovation to a world of "bits". And here we are today!
9/But of course, productivity was far from the only thing that slowed down in the early 70s.
Here's what happened to real wages. Note that 1973, not 1971, is where the crash begins.
10/Total compensation (including wages + benefits) didn't crash, but it did slow down. And it famously diverged from productivity beginning sometime in the early 70s.
11/Why did real wages fall?
Well, one clue might be found in the fact that NOMINAL wages didn't fall at all. They just kept on growing.
Meaning real wages fell because inflation rose and wages didn't keep up.
12/Inflation was rising in the late 60s, but workers were getting raises to compensate for it.
Then in the early 70s, inflation spiked much higher, and suddenly workers didn't get raises to keep up with inflation!
13/One reason might be that when the economy is doing well, tight labor markets allow workers to bargain for cost-of-living increases to keep pace with inflation, but when there's a recession -- like the one the Oil Crisis caused -- it prevents them from bargaining for raises.
14/Thus, stagflation -- recessions + inflation -- can be a toxic combo for wages.
Economists still argue over how much the Oil Crisis caused stagflation; Fed mistakes probably played a role as well. But the Oil Crisis was almost certainly the trigger.
15/The 70s stagflation led Jimmy Carter to appoint Paul Volcker, a tough inflation-fighter, to head the Fed. Volcker cured inflation but at the cost of 2 sharp recessions in the early 80s.
Those further reduced workers' bargaining power, holding down wages even more in the 80s.
16/So both slowing productivity growth and falling wages -- the two big "WTF?" changes -- can plausibly be attributed to the Oil Crisis of the 1970s.
(Other big changes, like rising inequality and growing budget deficits and trade deficits, actually happened in the 80s.)
17/Now, as I said, a lot more was going on at the time. Union membership was declining.
But even this might have been impacted by the Oil Crisis; weaker bargaining power due to 70s recessions might have accelerated this decline.
18/There was also a huge change in the international monetary system right around 1973: The end of Bretton Woods.
That could have had some effect too, but it's not as clear how that would have worked...
19/The U.S. dollar's strength didn't really change in the 70s, and a big trade deficit didn't open up til the 80s, so I'm inclined to think trade, and Bretton Woods, were not a big factor in the 70s shifts.
20/Really, I think the story of the 70s has to be first and foremost about oil. The end of the age of Cheap Oil, the end of centuries of energy tech improvements, and the resulting disruptions to an economy based on cheap energy.
Comparisons between the Cultural Revolution and the Woke Era get laughed at. The Woke Era didn't use violence, of course. But the *motivation* of people wanting to overturn social hierarchies, especially students wanting to overturn academic hierarchies, is recognizably similar.
In 2010s America, there was a widespread desire to overturn local social hierarchies -- the classroom authority of teachers and professors, the cultural power of entertainment stars, the authority of nonprofit execs and heads of civic organizations.
In 1960s China, overturning local hierarchies happened via physical mob violence. In 2010, it happened through online mobs destroying people's reputations on social media. Obviously, the second is far preferable to the first. This is why economic development is good!
1. They engender material equality more efficiently than any other economic intervention, and
2. They create an equality of respect, through the habit of mutual use.
Although rich people may pay more for a train or a park, when they ride the train or walk in the park, they are equal in social status to everyone else on the train or in the park.
This creates a feeling of equality throughout society.
1/Here's a thread in which the Economist's Mike Bird tries to rebut my recent post about decoupling. I think this thread is useful for understanding why the doubters are making the mistakes that they're making.
The reason Israel's bombing campaign in Gaza is bad isn't because civilian casualties are never acceptable when fighting against evil, but because bombing Gaza seems like it will not actually do much to eliminate Hamas, and will simply kill civilians for no purpose.
"The Allies leveled German cities, Hamas are as bad as Nazis, thus it's OK to level Gaza" ignores the fact that even if strategic bombing had been as effective as people thought (note: it wasn't), leveling Gaza will not produce a WW2-like outcome.
"The ends don't justify the means" should apply to the actual outcome, not just the goal you have in your head.
If the outcome is "everyone just keeps on hating each other and fighting forever", then no, the ends do not justify the means.