Gareth Harney Profile picture
Sep 18, 2020 5 tweets 2 min read Read on X
1) By the mid 2nd century, the Roman army garrisoned on the mostly-peaceful frontiers were becoming shiftless and effete. In a wonderful letter to his old pupil, Fronto congratulates Lucius Verus on kicking the Antioch garrison into shape... Image
2) "You took command of an army demoralised by high-living and decadence. The soldiers were used to spending their time applauding theatrical performers, more likely to be found in bar gardens than in their ranks!” Image
3) "Horses were shaggy with neglect but every hair was plucked from their riders. A soldier with a hairy arm or leg was a rare sight! The men were better dressed than they were armed; the disciplinarian Pontius Laelianus was able to tear up their cuirasses with his bare hands..." Image
4) “The horses were saddled with cushions and hardly any soldiers could leap onto their steeds, the majority pulled themselves up clumsily. Only a few could fling their spears a long way, most just chucked them about without any skill or strength as if they were toys..." Image
5) “Gambling was everywhere in the forts. The soldiers slept all through the night, or if they were on watch they slept over cups of wine!”

(Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Letter to Lucius Verus) Image

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More from @OptimoPrincipi

May 22
1) An astounding survival from the Roman world. This silver bust of the emperor Galba is an incredibly rare example of an imperial imago, a reverential portrait of the reigning emperor mounted on a pole and carried into battle as a military standard...Image
2) The imago of the emperor was carried on campaign by a special standard-bearer known as the imaginifer. These precious metal busts ensured the symbolic presence of the emperor on the battlefield, and in the absence of the real ruler, could be used as...Image
3) ..objects of veneration in the camp, foci for oaths of fidelity to the emperor, as well as oaths of submission from a defeated enemy. This imago of Galba is of particular historical interest; after he had reigned for six months in the wake of Nero's suicide... Image
Read 8 tweets
May 15
1) The fascinating Roman grave memorial of Sextus Vettius Geminus, veteran of the Third Augustan Legion based at Lambaesis, Algeria. The stele with its striking portrait is compelling in its own right – but is made even more so by an intriguing added function that it served... Image
2) Sextus Vettius Geminus lived sixty years and was a veteran of Legio III Augusta, in which he served a crucial role as signifer or standard-bearer. The old, bearded veteran is shown wearing his toga in a powerful frontal portrait that extends beyond the limits of its frame..Image
3) The memorial to Vettius Geminus was probably set up by his wife Licinia Muciana and a son also called Vettius, whose names are both damaged in the inscription. It is when we look at the top of the gravestone that we see something very surprising... Image
Read 9 tweets
May 14
1) This incredible Roman bronze victory trophy is a unique survival from the ancient world, unearthed in the forum of Hippo Regius in Algeria where it once stood in celebration of a Roman military triumph... Image
2) The tropaeum, standing eight feet tall and weighing over a quarter of a ton, is sculpted in emulation of temporary trophies erected near the site of a victorious battle, taking the form of a tree trunk decorated with captured armour and weapons...Image
3) The cast bronze trophy shows a general's cuirass armour draped in a cloak, with precisely sculpted leather pteruges strips that provided some defence at the hips. Captured enemy weapons may have also been fixed to monument in ancient times...Image
Read 7 tweets
Apr 12
1) The massive Trier Gold Hoard: 2,516 Roman aurei coins weighing 18.5 kg, unearthed in 1993 in the cellar of a Roman administrative building of ancient Augusta Treverorum. The hoard was deposited during the Antonine Plague or 'Plague of Galen' in the late 2nd century AD.. Image
2) The gold hoard was unearthed by chance during the excavation of an underground parking garage in Trier. Sadly, hundreds of coins were stolen before the hoard could be secured by authorities, but an estimated 95% was preserved – the largest surviving Roman imperial gold hoard. Image
3) Study has shown the Trier hoard was first deposited in 167 AD at the height of the Antonine Plague: a catastrophic pandemic that may have killed upwards of 10 million people across the Roman Empire including, in all likelihood, the Roman emperor Lucius Verus.. Image
Read 6 tweets
Apr 12
1) Cato the Younger took his own life, rather than submit to Julius Caesar, on this day in 46 BC. Seneca writes:

'Cato drove the sword into his sacred breast, but the wound was not well aimed or mortal. I am inclined to think there was good reason for this... Image
2) 'The gods were not satisfied with seeing Cato die once. His courage was kept in action and recalled to the stage, so that it might be displayed even more powerfully – for it needs a greater mind to return a second time to death... Image
3) 'Cato therefore reached into himself and tore out his own vitals, and with that one hand cleared for himself a broad path to freedom. Men are raised to the level of the gods by such a death, which even their worst enemies cannot help but admire.'

- Seneca, Of Providence, 2.Image
Read 4 tweets
Mar 24
1) An extraordinary Roman bust thought to represent Mark Antony, carved in rare Egyptian basanite from the Wadi Hammamat quarries in the Eastern Desert – among the most highly prized stones used in ancient sculpture, known for replicating the metallic appearance of aged bronze.. Image
2) The commanding late-Republican portrait was discovered near the Egyptian city of Alexandria in around 1780, where Mark Antony was based with Cleopatra in their final years waging war against Octavian.. Image
3) Though the identification of Mark Antony cannot be certain, the robust features, prominent chin, and aquiline nose do resemble Antony's appearance on coinage; here compared to a denarius from my collection. Basanite stone was also reserved for the most important sitters..
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Read 6 tweets

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