The leaders of the three major Confederate armies and senior naval officers.
The senior most field generals of the Confederacy. In order of seniority: 2. A.S. Johnston 3. Lee 4. J.E. Johnston 5. Beauregard
Gen. Robert E. Lee of Virginia led the Army of N.Virginia 62-65. The most brilliant soldier the New World has produced. His victories at 2nd Manassas & Chancellorsville being particularly outstanding, he wasn’t *always* right but almost always and certainly never met his match.
Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston of Texas, probably the most esteemed soldier in the army before the war, he had to struggle due to errors before his arrival & was KIA at Shiloh before really proving himself. Many believe he would’ve been the equivalent of Lee in the west had he lived
Gen.P.G.T.Beauregard of Louisiana secured Ft Sumter, won at 1st Manassas but was disliked by Davis who removed him after he succeeded A.S.Johnston. Defended Charleston successfully and saved Richmond at Bermuda Hundred. Underrated in my view, he should’ve been given an army.
Gen.Braxton Bragg of North Carolina, irascible & bad tempered, he succeeded Bory to lead the Army of Tennessee 62-63. Not a bad strategist but not the best field commander. He fought to a stalemate at Stones River & won a stupendous victory at Chickamauga but flames out afterward
Gen.Joseph E. Johnston of Virginia was a very competent but conservative commander who had no disastrous defeats but no decisive victories either. His opponent Sherman came to highly respected him but his retrograde tactical maneuvers angered President Davis. A very cautious man.
Gen.John Bell Hood of Texas, legendary for his ferocious attacks as a Brigade & division commander under Lee, also known for being horribly wounded repeatedly, he replaced Johnston and did what was expected with a massive offensive. It ended badly but I can’t fault the man for it
Maj.Gen. Earl Van Dorn of Mississippi led the Army of the West to a hard luck defeat at Elkhorn Tavern, Arkansas then went East, taking the army with him. A flamboyant ladies man, he was an Indian fighter not suited to command an army but adept as a cavalry commander.
Maj.Gen. Thomas C. Hindman of Arkansas worked miracles rebuilding the frontier army from scratch & keeping the enemy at bay with bluff & cavalry raids. Can’t praise him enough for that but success in the field eluded him though the battle of Prairie Grove Arkansas was very close.
Lt.Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes of N.Carolina absent minded & hard of hearing, I’ve a soft spot for “Granny Holmes”. Not the best certainly, he was the victim of slander & was in an impossible position. Still, his defeat at Helena, Arkansas proved his detractors weren’t *all* wrong.
Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith of Florida, famed for his victory at Richmond Kentucky in 62, he led the frontier army 63-65 and was the last Confederate army commander to surrender. I want to be harder on him but the pesky facts always prevent me. He did well with what he had really.
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No other Confederate sailor was as famous as “Old Beeswax” Captain Raphael Semmes. A devout Catholic native of Maryland, Semmes saw service afloat & ashore in the Mexican War before following his adopted state of Alabama into the Confederacy in 1861. He was first assigned… 👉🏻
..captain of the commerce raider CSS Sumter. He broke out of the blockade at New Orleans & for six months prowled the Caribbean Sea & Atlantic Ocean sinking or taking 18 Union merchant vessels. Bottled up in Gibraltar, he paid off his crew & sold the ship.
…👉🏻
Next, Semmes was ordered to take command of the British built sloop-of-war CSS Alabama in August of 1862. From the summer of 62 to that of 1864 Semmes would take the Alabama from the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico, around Good Hope, into the Indian & Pacific oceans …👉🏻
Most are unaware of Italy’s history as a pioneer in the development of nuclear weapons. The Kingdom of Italy led the world in nuclear research during the Fascist Era, producing the first patented nuclear reactor. The ‘Via Panisperna boys’ led by Enrico Fermi and …(cont)👉🏻
..including Edoardo Amaldi, Oscar D'Agostino, Ettore Majorana, Bruno Pontecorvo, Franco Rasetti & Emilio Segrè. They discovered slow neutrons & Fermi would become known as the architect of the nuclear age. However, Fermi was married to a Jew & left Italy in 1938 after the …👉🏻
..enactment of the race law, going to Americas where he worked on the Manhattan Project. In Italy, during WW2, Italian scientists were sent to work with the Germans on developing atomic weapons. Mussolini was the only non-German to witness the tests of these weapons. …👉🏻
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was one of the most prominent & powerful men in NS Germany. He was not initially very important but over time rose to become the leader of the SS, the police & all internal security forces. He was regarded as one of the two people AH trusted most. 👇🏻
Himmler grew up in a very conservative, Catholic family. Prince Heinrich of Bavaria was his godfather. In 1918 he joined the army but the war ended before he ever saw action. He studied agriculture at university & joined the right-wing Imperial War Flag Society. 👇🏻
The Bund Reichskriegsflagge was led by Ernst Röhm who had prompted Himmler to join. He became increasingly political as well as fascinated by German myths, folklore & medieval history. In 1923 he joined the NSDAP & Rohm's society was merged with the party. 👇🏻
Having looked at the second man at the top, next is the third. As he was out of sight and out of mind for most of the war, he doesn’t always get much attention. Here is a look (in brief bits) at the life of Deputy Führer Rudolf Heß: 👇🏻
Rudolf Walter Richard Heß was born in Alexandria, Egypt in 1894, the son of a wealthy businessman. His youth in North Africa left him with a lasting admiration for the British Empire. Highly educated & athletic, he joined the Imperial German Army in 1914 at the outbreak of war.👇🏻
Heß saw plenty of action throughout the conflict, serving in such campaigns as the massive Verdun offensive & the conquest of Romania. He became an officer & trained to be a fighter pilot but the war ended before he saw action in the air. The war left him broke & unemployed. 👇🏻
Argentina & Brazil have a long history of not getting along.
However, they have rarely actually gone to war with each other. But, it has happened & one such occasion was the Cisplatine War of the 1820's. It saw the two countries square off over where the border was between them.>
The area in question is known as Cisplatina, meaning the area of the River Plate or Rio de la Plata. Spain 🇪🇸 & Portugal 🇵🇹 had been rather unclear on where the border was between Brazil & Argentina but Portugal solved it by marching in & occupying the territory in 1811. 👉🏻
Brazil became independent & considered the region Brazilian but the local populace was divided. Many felt more akin to the
Argentines than Brazilians, others favored neither side. Argentina, though they denied it at first, naturally backed the separatists who wanted to join them.