English EduTwitter often bemoans the use of PEE, PEAL, PETAL etc in GCSE responses, for some valid reasons. In my opinion these discussions often miss the biggest issue with paragraph formulae:
What is a POINT, anyway?
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Let’s say I’m answering a gcse question on Inspector Calls:
“How does Priestley present the character of Eric in the play?”
Consider the options I have for the start of my opening paragraph:
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a) Priestley introduces the character of Eric as “half-shy, half-assertive”.
b) Priestley introduces the character of Eric as a contrast to Mr Birling and Gerald.
c) Priestley introduces Eric through his reliance on alcohol.
d) Priestley introduces Eric as immature.
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e) Priestley uses Eric to show how affluent men in Edwardian Britain felt entitled to the use of women’s bodies.
f) Priestley uses Eric to show how the business-owning class were capable of change in their social attitudes.
etc.
My point is...
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When you ask a student to write a POINT, you’re asking them to do something hard: generate a meaningful idea in response to the Q, fitted into a sequence of meaningful ideas. Potential POINTS are limitless; the business of analysing quotes is comparatively straightforward.
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Students need extensive modelling, examples and practice of generating these ideas and creating an essay. Knowing *what to write about* is often the hardest thing.
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My experience as a GCSE examiner tells me that the biggest issue students face isn’t a lack of quotation; it’s not having anything interesting to say about the question.
It’s a conceptual problem, not a procedural one.
Anyway, end of thread.
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The extent to which the Witches cause rather than predict M's tragedy is deliberately ambiguous. And that's entirely Shakespearean: his tragedies always deal in blurred lines between fate, individual agency and outside influence.
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Shakespeare uses foreshadowing and verbal echoes to create the effect that the Witches are influencing events. We might say they create a pattern of events.
In Act 1 Sc 1 their line "fair is foul and foul is fair" is rich with meaning for the play as a whole.
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And of course, their influence over Macbeth is demonstrated when his first line in the play is "So foul and fair a day I have not seen" (Act 1 Sc 3).
The First Witch's speech in Act 1 Sc 3 is also worth exploring for its foreshadowing:
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Thinking about SLEEP and SLEEPLESSNESS in Macbeth.
Sleep is mentioned 34 times in the play. Sleep represents what we today might call "mental health": rationality, clear thought, natural order.
"Balm of hurt minds...Chief nourisher in life's feast", indeed (Act 2 Sc 2)
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Sleeplessness, conversely, is the sign of a damaged mind, of corruption, of the influence of evil.
In fact, the motif of sleeplessness is introduced in 1:3 by the First Witch as she plans to torture a sailor:
"Sleep shall neither night nor day / hang upon his penthouse lid"
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The first character to experience sleeplessness in the play is Banquo:
"A heavy summons lies like lead upon me,
And yet I would not sleep. Merciful powers,
Restrain in me the cursèd thoughts that nature
Gives way to in repose." (2:1)
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The influence of the mystery / whodunnit genre on An Inspector Calls is under-recognised. The formula, of a detective arriving at a well-to-do house with a family of unlikeable characters, was well established by 1945.
This was the era of Agatha Christie!
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Christie was already writing for the stage by 1945 and in her fiction had already begun to experiment with the genre: including, for example, Murder on the Orient Express whose punchline is *SPOILER* that every suspect with a motive helped to kill the victim.
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AIC uses the conventions of the genre to create its structure and tension. We know that all the Birlings (and Gerald) will be somehow related to the girl's death...but how? The first audiences probably expected that one of them was directly responsible or involved...
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Act 1 Sc 2
SOLDIER: "His brandish'd steel / Which smoked with bloody execution."
The soldier's account of Macbeth's exploits in battle establish him as a fierce warrior capable of bloody violence.
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The play sets up a contrast between Macbeth's skill and savagery in battle, shedding the blood of countless enemies, and his doubt and self-torment over killing one man when it's the King himself.
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"Blood" changes its meaning throughout the play: in battle, blood is a symbol of patriotism and heroism. Duncan tells the soldier his wounds "smack of honour". But later blood becomes a symbol of guilt and inescapable consequences.
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