OK who wants a thread on why gangs rule? Not why gangs are great. I mean, when and how do they govern civilians.
Here we are meeting one gang leader who, besides running the drug trade, has built this crafts school behind him, a recycling center, and a community pool.
This isn't a slum. It's a middle income neighborhood in Medellin, Colombia. Nearly every low- and middle income neighborhood in the city has a resident gang called a combo.
We spent 4 years interviewing dozens of members and leaders of 31 criminal groups.
Here's a map of the city. We also surveyed 7000 people on what services state and combos provide. Medium & dark red indicate a combo intervenes in disputes, crime, and disorder more than the state.
This is surprising because most combo members look like this. Are these the guys you want guarding your street or handling noise complaints? But the young guys run drug corners. The older savvy ones have the "relacionista" position, collecting extortion & helping the community.
Not all combos govern. It's a choice. In part a business line. Govern more, charge more. Extortion or taxes?
Now, you'd think that combos arose and governed where the state was absent, ineffective, or corrupt. But the first thing you need to know is that communities with more state governance also have more combo governance, even after you account for income, demographics, terrain...
What gives? Probably some third unobserved force or characteristic makes some neighborhoods well governed in general, right? No way this is causal.
So we first look at a border discontinuity, looking at what happens to state and combo governance levels on your block when you cross a border to a nearly identical block, and your proximity to your police and municipal headquarters drops by 500m.
Then we work with the city to run what I think might be the first gang-level randomized trial ever run. The city sends representatives into dozens of neighborhoods for 2 years to govern the heck out of them. Crowd out gang rule.
Nothing is as expected. State rule does not crowd out gang rule. If anything, the opposite occurs!
If you want to learn more, and why, you will have to tune in.
Paper should be out in the next few weeks. Stay tuned...
Including (for the curious) details of THE most comprehensive & exhaustive human subjects precautions I've ever taken (and I've done some). Everything from presenting to the IRB committee in person (a first for me) and involving justice minister, head of prison system, & Mayor.
Also an explanation for why I can only write one freaking paper a year.
Finally, a thread on why the reporting is wrong: Gangs in Medellin are not responding to covid. It’s a misconception based on people taking one or two instances and erroneously generalizing.
I checked in on a friend the other day to see how he was doing. He’s not Israeli, but like many Jewish Americans he has close friends & family who are near the attacks or being called up to fight. He’s worried & mourning & also a little demoralized. He said something powerful.
What’s so disconcerting, he said, is that here are a set of truly heinous acts by Hamas. Why isn’t there universal condemnation, without qualification?
When others are terrorized, the world seems quicker to sympathize. How can Jews like him not feel somewhat abandoned?
I too was surprised by the tone & vehemence of some reactions on the left. To me it’s like 2015, when I was surprised just how many Americans still held white nationalist views. We all knew those extreme & hateful opinions were there. We just didn’t realize how many there were.
Just hired a 21yo for their first job. What basic professional advice do they need? Here's what I tell all my new staff, but perhaps you can add. I'll start small.
1/ Use an online calendar. Have a foolproof system of reminders, so you never forget a deadline or obligation.
2/ Use the calendar to schedule intensive work time, not just meetings. Some kinds of work (like research or coding or writing) benefits from long, uninterrupted blocks of time. Most people schedule meetings only, and don't schedule these long blocks. Do both.
3/ Organize your contacts. Make a habit of saving everyone's names, emails and other contact info in a way that syncs across your devices. Keep notes of key info, like birthdays and the names of spouses and children.
An unexpected joy of being at the @BeckerFriedman political economy conference in Paris is having @k_sonin give us a real-time paper presentation on events as they evolve in the previous 24h. Will try to capture some of the main points.
Forgive me in advance for all the ways I will misunderstand and misquote Kostyra
Prigozhin, he reminds us, is not autonomous but is essentially a branch of Russian military and intelligence
Looking for alternatives to policing? So was the mayor of Medellin. In 2018, we worked with his govt to choose 80 neighborhoods. In half, the city intensified civilian staff and problem-solving 10-fold, for 2 years. The results were... unexpected.
In Colombia, Mayors have limited control of police. A national institution, they report to the Minister of Defense. Cities can't grow their forces. So, cities build Secretariats of Security—civilian bureaucracies that solve disputes & try to keep order in neighborhoods.
The 40 sectors were ~10 blocks large, with ~2000 people. Each got a full-time "liaison" for 2y—a city worker who would help community groups organize, connect people to city services, refer disputes to resolution officers and family services, & facilitate local police relations.
300 people committed most of the shoplifting in a city of 9 million. A useful reminder that most crime & violence is committed by a tiny number of people, and that nearly every effective social or policing problem has to be hyper targeted or it will fail. nytimes.com/2023/04/15/nyr…
American cities need to fix poverty, policing, and a long list of other issues. That will take decades. Finding and intervening with 300 people is much different, much easier, and could be done this year if a mayor had the motive and the right team.
It’s even true for murder. Here’s the randomized trial.
Here's the story of a city's response to spiking gun deaths. Of READI Chicago—an ambitious effort to build & study a program of jobs & CBT for the men most likely to shoot or be shot. Of HUGE success by some measures (64% fewer shooting & homicide arrests!) & no impact by others.
I'd love to tell you "we have the answer!" but, like most urban problems, gun violence is messy & hard to solve. So settle in for a more nuanced story than usual, yet one that ends with a clear message: helping men who shoot (& get shot) is possible, essential, and works.
If you just want the academic paper or policy note, both dropped this week. Here are links. The research team is me, @MonicaPBhatt, Sara Heller, Max Kapustin, Marianne Bertrand + a huge team @UChiUrbanLabs