Portable HEPA Filter Systems. 1/ The cost of retrofitting EVERY public school classroom in the entire US w/ a portable HEPA air filter w/ CADR = 300 cfm is approximately $1 billion w/ recurring cost of about $300M/yr for replacement filters. To be clear, EVERY single classroom.
2/ For a classroom that holds 20-25 students, say 600 to 700 ft2 w/ ceiling height of 9 ft, this portable HEPA unit will yield approx equivalent increase in ventilation (equivalent ACH increase) of 3/hr. For a classroom under-ventilated to 2 ACH the bump up is to 5 ACH!
3/ That leads to a 60% reduction in inhalation dose of aerosol particles. Capacity exists. It can be done now.
4/ The cost to put a very good portable HEPA filtration system in every classroom in US is less than $10/student/year, with recurring filter costs of around $3/student/year. (Thanks to Mark Hernandez of CU Boulder for inspiring that analysis in our webinar today).
5/ That bears repeating. The cost to put a very good portable HEPA filtration system in every classroom in US is less than $10/student/yr, with recurring filter costs of around $3/student/yr. And a substantial reduction in inhaled dose. What's the cost of a textbook? Mic drop.
6/ Add 50% efficient masks on everyone (emitters and receptors) and the overall dose reduction is 90% (10 x reduction in inhalation dose). Just 2 steps in layered risk reduction. We have not even gotten to the hard stuff yet.
7/ If we layer universal mask wearing w/ portable HEPA and “reasonable” increased ventilation for many schools, it is not difficult to exceed 95% inhalation dose reduction (20 x reduction in inhalation dose). And that’s just 3 steps in layered risk reduction.
8/ I am just getting warmed up. But I think that I will stop here and conclude with the following .......
9/ We can do this. It is not rocket science. But schools are getting a lot of contradictory and confused messaging. I have spoken with many school districts. Many of them (not all) are confused beyond belief, and some are falling for unproven or ineffective technologies.
10/ Layered risk reduction. Simple steps. Proven technologies. @j_g_allen and I did the portable HEPA filter analysis in an Op-Ed in the Washington Post in July 2020. The US, Canada, and other nations have lost precious time and great opportunities to do this right. Just Do It!
Approximately $1B is actually on the high side as it assumes a $300 system. I recently purchased a large number of very good HEPA air filters for my college @Portland_State and received a bulk discount w/ actual cost < $200/unit.
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The Corsi-Rosenthal Foundation is a tax-exempt 501(c)3 nonprofit organization (EIN: 35-2779639). Our goal is to provide cleaner air in school & other public buildings with particular interest in underserved and/or vulnerable communities.
We do this largely through financial grants, materials, or a combination of the two to build Corsi-Rosenthal boxes (CR Boxes). The Corsi-Rosenthal Foundation is run by consensus of a Board of Directors.
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The "Sources" chapter of @theNASEM
report on "Health Risks of Indoor Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter & Practical Mitigation Solutions" is approx 60 pages and full of source-specific details. Check out the report here: (some highlights in thread)
Cooking is a very large source, whether heating w/ natural gas, propane, electric. Emissions specific to natural gas for cooking & other heating processes considered in (2)
The "Sources" chapter of @theNASEM report on "Health Risks of Indoor Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter & Practical Mitigation Solutions" is approx 60 pages and full of source-specific details. Check out the report here: 👇 (some highlights in thread)
Cooking is a very large source, whether heating w/ natural gas, propane, electric .. Emissions specific to natural gas for cooking & other heating processes considered in (2)
(1) Americans spend the vast majority of their time indoors. Prior to the pandemic, on average Americans lived to be 79 yo (now lower) & spend almost 70 of those years indoors, 54 years insides residences.
(2) Most fine particulate matter (particles with diameters of 2.5 microns or less) are inhaled indoors. This is true for fine particles of both indoor as well as outdoor origin. (more on sources of fine PM in a future tweet).
(3) There is ample evidence that exposure to fine particulate matter causes a range of adverse health effects (will summarize in a future tweet).
1/ This CR Box (the one on the right!) has now totaled operational time equivalent to an entire in-classroom school year. Both it and its cohort of three other CR Boxes continue to perform with a high level of effectiveness across a wide range of particle sizes.
2/ Four CR Boxes were placed in different indoor settings on the UC Davis campus, from a relatively clean 4-person office suite w/ VCT flooring to a particle-challenged soils lab.
3/ Each CR Box consists of four 20" x 20" x 2" MERV-13 filters (3 boxes w/ filters from the same manufacturer and the 4th from a different manufacturer). A 20" x 20" box fan was used to draw air through each CR Box.