Baudouin was born in 1161 to Count Amaury of Jaffa & Ashkelon and Agnes de Courtenay. The young prince also had an elder sister, Sibylle, and would have a half sister, Isabelle, later. Amaury became the King of Jerusalem after his brother also named Baudouin died in 1162. 1/10
In Egypt, the Fatimid Caliphate had started to crumble. Amaury saw an advantage and pursued it. Nur ad-Din Zengi, Emir of Aleppo and Damascus, also had his plans. Initally, Amaury was ahead, but Nur ad-Din and his general Shirkuh countered it successfully. 2/10
In 1169, Shirkuh was in charge of Egypt. Two years later, Shirkuh and the Fatimid Caliph had both died, and Shirkuh's nephew, Salah al-Din ibn Ayyub took control of Egypt. Amaury had lost out on Egypt. He also now had to face an unfortunate reality regarding his son. 3/10
While playing, it was found that the 9 year old prince did not feel pain when pinched by friends. It was soon identified as an indication of the onset of leprosy. It was a time when lepers were segregated and left to die. The crown prince would be an historic exception. 4/10
In 1174, Emir Nur ad-Din Zengi died, but so did King Amaury. Baudouin was crowned King, with Raymond of Tripoli as Regent. When Salah al-Din ibn Ayyub attempted to seize Syria, Baudouin rode out to Damascus. Despite his youth and disease, he was very much the King. 5/10
Though Baudouin's rule was mired with concerns over the future, the King focussed on what was at hand. By 1177, Salah al-Din, better known as Saladin, had consolidated his hold on Syria and Egypt and now threatened Jerusalem. He rode out to Ashkelon with 26,000 soldiers. 6/10
But Baudouin was up to the mark. With his smaller army, he led Jerusalem to a great victory against Saladin at Montgisard. The two would meet in subsequent battles as well, but the young King would stay ahead of his capable foe till his death. 7/10
By 1179, his disease had worsened, with Baudouin having to learn riding a horse with one hand. He nearly died in an ambush, had it not been for Honfroy of Toron dying to save him. The King needed an heir. In 1180, his sister Sibylle married a young adventurer named Guido. 8/10
Sibylle already had a son from an earlier marriage. The King appointed the boy as his heir in 1183. By then Baudouin had become blind and incapacitated. The King died around 1185 and his 14 year old nephew became King, with Raymond of Tripoli as Regent, again. 9/10
The new King died in 1186 and was succeeded by his mother, Sibylle. In 1187, Saladin once again returned to Jerusalem, defeating them at the Horns of Hattin and ending the short lived Kingdom of Jerusalem after 88 years. 10/10
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Murad was born in 1404 to Mehmed. Mehmed was the son of Bayezid, the Ottoman Sultan who was captured by Timur in 1402. This led to a period of anarchy in the Sultanate. By 1413, Mehmed had managed to defeat his brothers and take over as Sultan of the entire Sultanate. 1/10
The Ottoman had Sultanate emerged in late 13th century after the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm was defeated by the Mongols. Many beyliks rose up in the Anatolian peninsula, one among which was ruled by the ancestors of Bayezid, Mehmed and Murad. 2/10
Rastislav was born in early 9th century. His father may have been Wistrach and his uncle Mojmír, the Duke of Moravia. Little is known about Rastislav's youth, until 846 when Franks invaded Moravia and installed Rastislav as the Duke of Moravia. 1/10
Moravia emerged as a semi independent state in Central Europe not long after the Franks had defeated the Avars in late 8th century. Moravia was not the first power in the region though. The Slavic states of Samo and of Nitra had lasted briefly during various times as well. 2/10
Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck was born in 1815 to Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von Bismarck and Wilhelmine Luise Mencken. Hailing from Schönhausen, the Bismarcks were a prominent noble family of the Kingdom of Prussia, with connections in Pomerania. 1/10
Prussia became a kingdom in 1701, but its major part was Brandenburg in the centuries old Holy Roman Empire. Invasion by the French in early 19th century led to the dissolution of this empire, with many of its regions joining Napoleon backed Confederation of the Rhine. 2/10
Camillo Benso was born in 1810 to Michele Benso, Marquis of Cavour, and Adélaïde Suzanne de Sellon. The Bensos were prominent nobility of Savoy. Camillo also had a distinguishing French connection thanks to his mother and his godmother Pauline, sister of Emperor Napoleon. 1/10
The early 18th century saw the French under Napoleon occupy Savoy. But the Bensos managed to see through it in a favourable manner eventually. Young Camilo's career prospects improved with his appointment as page to Carlo Alberto, Prince of Carignano in 1824. 2/10
Iaroslav Vladimirovich was born around 980 to Vladimir Sviatoslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, and Rogned of Polotsk. Vladimir was initially supposed to rule only in Novgorod, but he had taken Kiev and Dereva from his brothers by 980. 1/10
Iaroslav was given an early charge of Rostov and, later, of Novgorod by 1010. But he sought Kiev and rebelled against his father, when he saw that one of his many brothers may be given Kiev. However, Vladimir died in 1015 and his domain got divided between his sons. 2/10
Birger Magnusson was born around 1210 to Magnus "Minnesköld" Bengtsson and Ingrid Ilva. Magnus was the grandson of the powerful Scandinavian noble, Folke, while Ingrid may have been a descendant of Sverker, King of Sweden in mid 12th century. 1/10
The kingdom of Sweden claimed land on the western and eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea in the 13th century. However, the crown itself was held between two dynasties since Sverker's death in 1156; by Sverker's family and that of Erik who became king after Sverker. 2/10