Cam Dhoire (the crooked wood), an Ancient Woodland in Glen Mallie, Lochaber
like so many now remote woods in the Highlands, this place has almost been erased - culturally by the expulsion of people from the Glen during the clearances, and physically by centuries of overbrowsing
the 2 are of course interrelated: much of the Highlands was cleared of people to make way for large scale sheep ranching, made possible by the extermination of wolves. without wolves or effective mgmt, deer now perpetuate ecological impacts of ranching even after sheep removal
consequently, places like Cam Dhoire are falling apart - for centuries sheep/deer have eaten all of the young trees, so when old ones die there is nothing to replace them. this is only possible because of earlier cultural erasure, which prevents us from responding effectively
incidentally, Cam Dhoire is one of the most interesting woods I know - 100s of pine stumps scattered through it suggest it used to be a mixed pine-birch wood, while today it is almost all birch (with 2 surviving wild pines!)
its also full of wood ant nests, which are pretty scarce in the west of Scotland. these are missing from the vast dying pinewood in Glen Mallie, probs exterminated by past fire
and as usual, much of the wood's former diversity can still be glimpsed in inaccessible pockets along a ravine, where hazel, ash, juniper, serrated wintergreen, stone bramble and other woodland wildflowers have escaped overbrowsing/grazing
Cam Dhoire is part of a >75000 acre estate (!!!), which includes >1000 acres of degenerating woodland. it is anti-democratic and unjust that anyone is allowed to degrade and extinguish nature on this scale - time to let people who care manage the land, time for #LandReform
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across the Scottish Highlands, Ancient Woods are falling apart following centuries of heavy browsing pressure. this thread provides a case study, and tries to make sense of why this ecological and cultural crisis is still widely ignored #wildtrees
our case study area is ~60km2 of open mountain and glen near Fort William. deer stalking is the main land use, and sheep are grazed in the southern glen (Glen Loy). no one lives here, and the area appears to be almost completely devoid of tree cover from above
this wasn't the case just a few generations ago: in the 1870s there was over 200Ha of woodland (green blocks) along with thousands of scattered trees (green dots)
this individual wild pine is, incredibly, shown on a map from the 1870s. i tracked it down and found lots of old pine stumps around it, indicating that its the sole survivor of a 2nd ancient pinewood in Glen Loyne. some thoughts... (thread)
the context the stumps provide is critically important - this isn't just a random tree, its the remains of something much greater. because of this, some of the other wildlife from the preceding wood may still survive here (eg. lichens, mosses, fungi & inverts growing on/in it)
the pine is the what drew me here, but the scattered birch and rowan are wild trees too - likely also survivors from the preceding wood. they provide further opportunities for old woodland associated species to cling on
this shoulder of woodland may be one the richest sites for rare plants in Co. Derry. although a 'Site of Local Nature Conservation Importance', it is imminently threatened by quarrying - which is able to take place without ecological safeguards due to a planning loophole (thread)
why is this wood so rich? the trees here have grown up amongst giant boulders, which have likely provided protection from grazing livestock for centuries. as a result, many of the species here are absent from woods in the surrounding landscape
there are signs that the wood may be ancient (around since at least 1650):
🌳 many trees have large stools and multiple stems (pics 1&2)
🌳 old-woodland associated lichens are present (pic 3)
🌳 there's a high diversity of woodland wildflowers (pic 4) @WoodlandTrust
within 12 years, Scotland plans to create around 10 Glasgows-worth of new 'woodland', primarily through tree planting.
what if i told you that this could not only be done, but done better, *without* planting a single tree?
thread:
firstly, trees have managed to successfully plant themselves for at least 385 million years. they're actually really good at it! if they weren't, they'd not have made it back to Scotland after the last ice age.
we call trees planting themselves 'natural regeneration'
natural regeneration is the reason most ancient woods in the Highlands exist - they're made up of *wild trees*, descendants of those that recolonised Scotland after the ice age.
wild trees are generally more variable than planted ones (both genetically and in form):
1) for the last 60 years, we've been funding a campaign to exterminate Europe's wildlife. through the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), hundreds of billions of euros of public money have been funnelled into destroying wildlife-rich meadows, woods, wetlands and rivers
2) while the precise formula has varied over the years, CAP essentially requires farmers to wreck nature in order to receive larger subsidies. agricultural intensification - responsible for so much pollution and wildlife loss - is one of CAP's core aims
3) CAP also favours larger farms over small ones, which twinned with intensification has driven down the number of people actually working the land.
in 1973 Ireland had around 263000 farm workers versus only ~85000 today (iiea.com/wp-content/upl…)