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Bert Hubert 🇺🇦 Profile picture
@bert_hu_bert
May 24, 2021 • 10 tweets • 5 min read • Read on X
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If you are into reverse engineering, the EU Galileo navigation satellites are currently transmitting a new signal that enables centimeter level accurate positioning. But! They haven't yet released a description of this format, but the data is there & unencrypted. 1/2
Let me know if you want a dump of many hours of data. The data likely includes a distance vector that describes a correction to a satellite's position, plus a velocity vector, plus a time offset correcting the atomic clock, plus administrative details ('issue of data number') 2/2
Ok, the data is here: berthub.eu/galileo/galile…
C/NAV for 2,25,8 means this is a signal from Galileo (2) satellite E25 over E6 (8). Slide 16 and onwards of geopp.com/pdf/gpp_ppprtk… may be helpful.
Feel free to drop by the #galileo IRC channel on irc.oftc.net -> webchat.oftc.net/?channels=gali…, where there is lots of expertise to guide your reverse engineering.
Ok! It turns out an earlier version of a spec is available on the EU eTendering site! I suspect this will be pretty close: etendering.ted.europa.eu/document/docum… from etendering.ted.europa.eu/cft/cft-docume…
If you are trying to make sense of my data, know there is byte order pain in there & also missing data. Best wait it out a bit until I verify it is at least making some kind of sense.
The checksums match the spec! Something is working! Sadly, the satellites are currently broadcasting dummy data.. but at least the checksums are making sense now!
Found the dummy marker AF3BC3 in there! This is a real bitstream protocol that does not respect your byte boundaries. Space protocols tend to be like that.
Actual payload that looks valid! Status 1 = valid data, Message Type (MT) 1 = "Contains satellite
corrections", Message Size (MS) 1 = actually 2 pages per message. Next up, Reed-Solomon!
Some light reading ahead..

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More from @bert_hu_bert

Bert Hubert 🇺🇦 Profile picture
Jul 10, 2022
This is huge news, but easy to miss. We don't all have the same DNA, but many genes exist in different versions. For example, we have a blood type because there are 3 different ABO genes around. Yet up to now the "downloadable human genome" was static, w/a single blood type! 1/
The currently downloadable human genome also appears in significant part to come from @JCVenter, who has done awesome things, but his DNA can't represent us all. Enter the pan-genome - a file format that can encode multiple variations for each point. 2/ berthub.eu/articles/posts…
In the modestly titled "A Draft Human Pangenome Reference", the @HumanPangenome consortium & many of the leading lights in DNA and bioinformatics software development, have published the DNA of 47 diverse individuals, all in a file format that is not a "string" but a graph! 3/
Read 8 tweets
Bert Hubert 🇺🇦 Profile picture
Jun 21, 2022
A fun decryption story! In 1914, The Netherlands sent a peace mission to Albania (I did not know this either). The mission commander, Major Lodewijk Thomson, was killed in battle under circumstances that are still unclear. And we'd love to know! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_…
Recently (2009), an encrypted Albanian telegram from that time was found in Dutch military archives. Could this perhaps shed some light on the situation? Intriguingly, no one had ever been able to decrypt the message.
Dutch researcher Florentijn van Kampen, affiliated with Radboud University's iHub, decided to give it a try using modern cryptographic techniques. I mean, 1914 encryption, how hard could it be?! ecp.ep.liu.se/index.php/hist…
Read 18 tweets
Bert Hubert 🇺🇦 Profile picture
Nov 5, 2021
Wonderful news below on Pfizer's PAXLOVID pill! Here a brief thread what this impressive new medicine does. 1/
The SARS-COV-2 genome has several genes (or ORFs).
Note in green the famous S spike protein. This is what all the vaccines contain or make in your cells. The green proteins are all "structural", so they end up as part of a new virus particle.
Source: chemistryworld.com/the-coronaviru… 2/
A long time ago, we thought one gene would always deliver one protein. Viruses are acknowledged MASTERS at efficiency, so they don't quite work like that. Note the orange '1a' and '1b' genes above, which are ORF1a and ORF1b below. Source: journals.plos.org/plospathogens/… 3/
Read 9 tweets
Bert Hubert 🇺🇦 Profile picture
Oct 1, 2021
Brief thread on how Molnupiravir works. This is the promising COVID-19 antiviral that appears to prevent 50% of hospitalizations/deaths, and maybe 100% of deaths, when given very early to high risk COVID-19 patients. merck.com/news/merck-and…
In general, many many things will stop a virus or a disease, as explained in this @xkcd comic. But that is not what we are looking for. We want something that stops a virus dead, but keeps us alive. Image
Some very good medicines do succeed in stopping a disease, but can't help but also impact us. This is the case for many antibiotics that are lethal to bacteria, but do gum up some of our own works, for example. Image
Read 16 tweets
Bert Hubert 🇺🇦 Profile picture
May 10, 2021
I love the EU (honestly!), but I also love the Internet. Through the NIS 2 Directive, the EU is attempting to regulate each and every root server operator (RSO), even those outside of the EU. Doing so will have bad consequences. 1/6
berthub.eu/articles/posts…
There are 12 RSOs. There are over 1300 active root servers. None of these RSOs are 'providers of essential services' individually. Up to 11 of them could fail, and nobody would notice. In 40 years, "the root" has never gone down. 2/6
By attempting to regulate the core of the Internet, the EU risks opening up a Pandora's box: many other governments would like to follow suit. The EU itself has advocated for the current multi-stakeholder "governance" model, in lieu of government action. 3/6
Read 7 tweets
Bert Hubert 🇺🇦 Profile picture
Mar 24, 2021
BREAKING! Stanford scientists have analysed the Moderna and BioNTech vaccines to determine the mRNA code in there. This is the first time we are seeing the Moderna sequence. Get it here while it is still online: github.com/NAalytics/Asse…
To see what this means, do head over to this page: berthub.eu/articles/posts…
So how different is the mRNA in the Moderna, BioNTech/Pfizer & CureVac vaccines? There are 1274 codon positions. 808 are identical across all 3 vaccines. 103 are unique to Moderna, 249 unique to BioNTech, 230 to CureVac:
Read 4 tweets

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