1/ 1st week of NeuroICU fellowship. A #tweetorial summary:
1⃣ Pt in DI. Give anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), call it “pit drip”
2⃣Pt in distributive shock. Give ADH, call it “vaso”
3⃣Pt on ASA needs EVD. Give ADH (sort of), call it “DDAVP”
4⃣ Fellow postcall & confused, give….
2/ Just kidding… everyone knows the drug for that is
3/ All the names and purposes of ADH had me feeling ⬇️
So – a review of all things ADH including:
✅It’s various aliases
✅Receptors and function
✅Clinical utility in NeuroICU (+general ICUs)
4/ Starting with nomenclature:
Anti-diuretic hormone, desmopressin, DDAVP, vasopressin, AVP, Pitressin, Vasostrict – are they really all the same?
Not quite.
5/ Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) can be used interchangeably for the neurohypophyseal hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary.
10/
You can remember that V2⃣ receptors increase H2⃣O retention.
AVP and DDAVP both bind here, but DDAVP has a much stronger affinity to these receptors.
11/ In the NeuroICU, we’re primarily using ADH in this context to treat central DI resulting from transsphenoidal adenomectomy (TSA) or cerebral herniation resulting compression of pit stalk/gland.
A vasopressin bolus and gtt are usually the initial choice for DI treatment.
12/ We often given vasopressin 2.5-5unit IV while waiting for the gtt, and then give 0.25-1 unit/hour which is titrated to Uosm, UOP, and serum sodium.
All of which need to be very, very closely monitored!
13/ Long term, DI is managed with desmopressin (DDAVP) given PO, nasally, subQ or IV.
As a PO drug, its absorption can be unpredictable. Finding right dose requires some trial & a lot of monitoring.
Typical:
PO dose: 0.1mg qHS - 0.3mg TID.
IV doses: 1-2mcg qHS to BID
14/ Totally counterintuitively ADH can also regulate the correction of Na+ in chronically hypovolemic hyponatremic patients
If that seems incredibly ludicrious (…why would we give a patient with ⬇️sodium H2O retention drug??) read: tinyurl.com/5fydkkh7 from @ibookCC.
15/ So… ADH can be used to treat hypernatremia in central DI and prevent overcorrection of sodium in chronic hypovolemic hyponatremia. Vasopressin or desmopressin work for these purposes.
16/ How does ADH result in vasoconstriction?
This is mediated by binding of ADH to V1⃣ receptors located in smooth muscles which triggers catecholamine-independent vasoconstriction.
Image: tinyurl.com/46yhekft
17/ Doses here are fixed @ either vasopressin 0.03 or 0.04 units/min.
Remember, the DI dose is vasopressin 0.5-1 unit/*hour*
I remember thinking that they were orders of magnitude different, but because of the time denominator, the shock dose is actually ~2-5x larger
18/ Finally, both vasopressin and desmopressin/DDAVP have intrinsic platelet activating properties
DDAVP has the added effect of releasing von Willebrand factor & F VIII from endothelial cells.
Image reminding u of the importance of vWF (image @NEJM)
19/ Since the 1970s desmopressin was used to prevent bleeding in pt w/ 🔽vWF
The bleeding dose is a 1x IV Desmopressin 0.3mcg/kg (~20-30mcg).
For comparison, the anti-diuretic dose is 1-3mcg IV. The hemostasis dose is thus x10 higher.
Effect is max @ ~30 mins. last 6-8hr
20/ In the neuroICU we very commonly see patients with ICH who were taking ASA. PATCH trial (Lancet 2016) demonstrated worse outcomes in patients who received platelet transfusion to “reverse” ASA’s effect.
Given DDAVPs' platelet activating effect, this a good alternative?
21/ Maybe?
Retrospective Assessment of Desmopressin Effectiveness & Safety in Patients w Antiplatelet-Associated Intracra pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31567345/
Early Admin of Desmopressin and Platelet Transfusion for Reducing Hematoma Expansion in Patients With Acut… pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32304415/
1/ A 20 yo woman comes in because she has recurrent headaches. She describes visual aura, photo-/phonophobia & pain that improves with rest. She also describes a sharp, stabbing, lancinating pain from the back of her head during the episodes.
A #ContinuumCase
2/ What is this?
(PS ChatGPT FTW with "what does an aura look like?" !!)
3/ The patient likely has TWO things:
1⃣Occipital neuralgia causing the pain that radiates from the back of her head
2⃣chronic migraine with aura.
Patients with occipital neuralgia OFTEN have both, and occipital neuralgia is very rarely an isolated headache syndrome
1/ 🥳Big News! This is the 1⃣0⃣0⃣th #CONTINUUMCASE!!
To celebrate? A must know dz, bc w/ this disease:
Time is Spine!
A 39 yo woman with Sjogren’s syndrome comes to the ED with sudden neck pain. Then arm weakness. Then leg weakness. All within 24 hours.
Now she can’t urinate
2/ On your exam, mental status=intact. But she has terrible vision in the right eye, which she reports is from a sjogrens attack.
She has 3/5 arm strength, 2/5 leg strength.
As shown above 🔼 she has a longitudinally extensive lesion w/ contrast at C2 and C3.
Is this Sjogrens?
3/ You complete a spinal tap.
‼️There are 120 WBC with a lymphocytic predominance‼️
A 58 yo woman with breast cancer on active chemo presented with shortness of breath.
She was just found to have (A).
Unfortunately, a head CT reveals (B).
They want to know – can she be a/c’ed? A #ContinuumCase
2/ Thoughts?
3/ Why does this feel like such a common conundrum? A few reasons.
1⃣incidence of brain mets may be 🔼 due to improved detection & better control of extracerebral dz
2⃣VTE is common in cancer patients & may also be 🔼 (more detection, longer life expectancy & novel treatments)
1/ A 35 yo M has lower limb weakness & painful hand & foot paresthesias.
EMG suggested axonal neuropathy and a presumed diagnosis of GBS was made.
After PLEX he was not better, instead he was becoming confused & ataxic.
How might a Thanksgiving Turkey solve this #ContinuumCase?
2/ Note: PLEX does not work immediately. In fact, many pts fail to have a response to immunotherapy during their hospitalization. Many continue to progress DESPITE treatment.
This does not mean that the treatment isn’t working. More is not better!
3/ Ok, off my soap box!
As you should for all confusing cases, you go back to the bedside and the patient tells you that over the last 2 months, he’s had increasing stress that resulted in an escalation of alcohol intake and reduced food intake.