I did a study abroad semester in Italy, near Florence, & one course involved field trips to all the major cathedrals in Tuscany and Umbria, led by the professor of architecture from the local uni; a native Florentine.
One idea he introduced has always stuck with me:
"A cathedral is a bridge between Man and God. The columns rise up like bridges into the sky, to cast our gaze upwards to beauty, art & the unachievable perfection of Heaven."
The walls below are minimally adorned, the ceiling elaborate and ornate... to make us cast our eyes up.
The separation of sacred & perfect from human & mundane speaks to the beliefs of the people who created these buildings and their unconventional, even impractical designs.
They were building bridges to Heaven, a place for gods to reside.
The same principles work with ancient Roman or pagan temples designs. The columns represent literal bridges, but the roof must be forever beyond human reach.
The Pantheon in Rome has a literal gate or oculus that looks like a portal into the sky, with a beam shining down on the poor mortals who toil underneath the dome of the heavens.
When people visit Muir Woods, or any of the other redwood forest preserves, I think it's common to describe them as a cathedral to nature... and that captures what I learned in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore: gods reside at the ends of those arboreal bridges to heaven.
Fascinating to me how themes like Jack & the Beanstalk, Muir Woods, the Pyramids of Giza, Tuscan Cathedrals & Roman temples all share a common perceptual cue: we look up to the unachievable, the otherworldly, the beautiful.
A bridge we can't cross in this world.
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Famed population geneticist RA Fisher published this paper in 1936 taking Mendel to task for either concealing, cherry-picking, or omitting parts of his study of pea genetics.
1. The segregation ratios (as in 'Mendelian ratios') are too perfect. Actual observations are modified by noise and distortion, only land on the 3:1, 1:2:1 ratios in extremely large samples sizes of ideal, perfect genetic models.
I want to talk about the Map-Territory Relation in #science & why it matters to many topics in public perception of science.
It's what I think of when people insist that 'science says there are only two genders'.
Maybe you've seen this work by René Magritte, called "The Treachery of Images". The text translates: "this is not a pipe".
It's not. It's an IMAGE of a pipe. It only resembles an actual pipe in one very specific way, from a particular angle, in 2-D.
Like this PICTURE of a pipe, a scientific model or system of classification is by nature a SIMPLIFICATION.
British statistician George Box: "Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. However, the approximate nature of the model must always be borne in mind."
But the most interesting story about Benjamin Franklin I've run across is the giant pit filled with human bones that was recently (1997) found in his basement.
Really.
A giant pit of human bones. The remains of at least 28 bodies. In his basement. Cut up with a saw.
Ben Franklin lived at 36 Craven Street in London (now the 'Benjamin Franklin House & Museum').
Workers doing renovations found the bones in a buried pit in the basement, remains including those of infants.
He had a special arrangement with a friend of a friend, William Hewson, now called the "Father of Hematology" for his discovery of blood composition and fibrin.
Hewson operated an "anatomy school" in Ben Franklin's garden (back yard) where students dissected cadavers.
He had an acknowledged illegitimate son, William, who was the last British governor of New Jersey & chief Loyalist, running pro-British military operations from his base in New York.
He died in exile. But HE had an illegitimate son...
William Temple Franklin was William's illegitimate son, born while William was in law school, London.
"Temple" accompanied his GRANDFATHER Benjamin & acted as his secretary, worked on Treaty of Paris where France recognized USA.
Brief return to US, then rest of life in France.
Temple had an illegitimate son, Théodore, but he died before the age of 5, and an illegitimate daughter, Ellen Franklin Hanbury, who was raised by HER grandfather William.
Ellen married but had no children, so this particular chain of Franklin Bastards reaches its end.
My hypothesis:
Humans invented hats because we were envious of the marvelous headgear in the animal world.
Let's talk about antlers, horns, ossicones & pronghorns.
#Antlers are shed & regrown every year, composed of bone that begins at a pedicle, base structure that remains after shedding. Antlers are extensions of the the skull.
Mechanism of growth similar to bone HEALING: cartilaginous tissue gives rise to bone coated in skin "velvet".
Antlers usually only form on males, with one exception: female reindeer grow shortened antlers, which may be functional for snow clearing, or challenge between females over scarce food resources.