Sedentary hunter-fishers lived at Gobero paleolake of central Niger 7700-6200 BC. The lake dried up 6200-5200 BC and the area was abandoned. A different group settled the area 5200-2500 BC that practiced animal herding as well as fishing after the lake filled formed again.
Gobero paleolake was dry 14000-7700 BC with only occasional human visitation. 7700 BC Gobero Lake filled up & surrounding desert turned into a savanna that lasted until 6200 BC. Local culture was similar to Kiffians, and skulls were similar to Iberomaurusians & Capsians.
The original inhabitants of Gobero paleolake were almost 2 m tall. Endurance hunting requires long legs.
Cooling events in north Atlantic coincided with a dry period in central Sahara, which dried up the Gobero paleolake around 6200 BC. The region was abandoned, and not resettled for another 1000 years.
Humid conditions returned to Sahara 5200-2500 BC. A new group settled the area, morphologically distinctive from their predecessors & northern & western neighbors. Their culture is possibly Tenerean. No long distance trade, and agriculture & cattle herding were minimal.
Cattle remains were found in Gobero only after 4000 BC - another author associates introduction of cattle to E Sahara with the Chadic-speaking Leiterband Culture
Sahara desertified again 2500-300 BC and the Gobero paleolake was again abandoned. Occasionally nomadic cattle herders (Chadics? Berbers? Nilo-Saharans?) would pass through.
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Thread with excerpts from "The Other Quiet Revolution: National Identities in English Canada, 1945-71" by Jose Igartua
Author argues national identity among English-speaking Canadians died entirely in mid-20th century, and was replaced by a broader civic identity. Nonetheless there is still an English-Canadian nation that can be seen sociologically through shared culture.
90% of Canadians read at least one newspaper in 1969, compared to only 68% watching television news. Spread of opinion polling ended up restricting range of public discussion.
Thread with excerpts from "Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire. A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018)" by John Kapapi
At the time of the 1884 Berlin Conference, what is now the eastern Congo was ruled by eight kingdoms. Rwanda had yet to be united. Per the author, Rwandan (Tutsi & Hutu) migration west of Lake Kivu was minimal at the time.
Belgians created two chiefdoms in North Kivu. One was given to Tutsi from Hunde in 1922, & other was bought from the Hunde in 1939. Conflict with Hunde led to Tutsi preferring to flee to South Kivu during the dynastic struggles following overthrow of King Rwabugiri in 1895.
In line with archaeology, western & central Iberia were populated by hunter-gatherers distinctive from those on Mediterranean coast by their higher Magdalenian ancestry. Those hunter-gatherers had a resurgence over the EEFs as elsewhere during neolithic.
Steppe ancestry in IEs was diluted by the time that they reached SW Iberia at end of third millennium, in line with other studies. However, there are signs of an Eastern Mediterranean migration to Iberia in Bronze Age or earlier:
There was substantial migration to urban areas in Portugal during the Roman period from Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. If these samples are representative, about half of the urban population was foreign-derived. Date of the site isn't provided, but was after 100 BC.
Caesar's destructiveness around the Rhine can be seen in the palynological record around Cologne. The area was densely cultivated starting about 250 BC and reforested after 50 BC, implying depopulation for a century.
pre-modern mass migrations often had appalling death tolls. Pressure of the German Suebi on the Celt Helvetii must have been tremendous:
Tiberius withdrew Roman troops from east of the Rhine, but left a 10 km no man's land that wasn't resettled by Germans until the late first or early second centuries.