1) The brightly painted terracotta sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa, an Etruscan woman who was buried near Chiusi around 150 BC. Inside was found Seianti's skeleton, the most complete Etruscan skeleton in existence. Let's meet Seianti and learn a little about her life..
2) The sarcophagus was found alone in a tomb specially made for Seianti. On the lid she reclines in an almost lifesize depiction. Her fine clothing and jewellery speak of her wealth, she wears a diadem, gold snake bracelets, gold-garnet earrings and six rings on her left hand..
3) Seianti wears a traditional white tunic and heavier veil which she lifts to reveal her face. It is possible that Seianti is being shown in the wedding clothes she wore at a younger age, as she prepares to meet her husband again in the afterlife..
4) Seianti holds a folding compact-mirror (interestingly shown in a corroded green colour) and rests on her left elbow as she would have reclined at a banquet. Seianti's bones were closely examined by pathologists and revealed some fascinating insights about her life and health..
5) Little sign of arrested development in Seianti's bones speaks of a healthy childhood. Evidence of hypertrophy in her leg bones suggests she did a good deal of horse riding in her youth. Also, the angulation of her pelvis tells us she had at least one pregnancy in her life..
6) An extraordinary injury to the side of Seianti's pelvis is consistent with riding accidents where the animal rolls on top of the rider. Amazingly, experts can assert with some confidence that Seianti survived a serious horse riding accident when she was around 16 years old.
7) Seianti had lost a good number of teeth with some appearing to have been knocked out at some point in her life. Towards the end of her life she suffered a painful dental abscess which would have drained puss into her mouth or even through a hole in the side of her face..
8) Consequently, Seianti would have been halitotic (bad breath) and was likely unable to fully close her mouth. Seianti was otherwise healthy with no evidence of metastatic cancer or anemia. It is likely that Seianti died around age 50-55 of infection or cardio-vascular disease.
9) Finally, Seianti's skull was given a forensic facial reconstruction: the face of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa, beautified a little for the next world but recognisable as the figure reclining on her sarcophagus. Seianti's sarcophagus can today be viewed at the British Museum. {END}
If you would like to learn more about Seianti, check out this fascinating 4-part series:
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1) Let's travel in time through this fascinating Roman denarius added to my collection, to the sacred grove of the goddess Diana on the mysterious shores of Lake Nemi – and into one of the most bloody and undeniably cinematic rites of the ancient world...
2) Situated in the Alban Hills south of Rome, Lago di Nemi is a circular crater lake nestled within the caldera of an extinct ancient volcano. The sheltered and tranquil body of water, which perfectly reflected the moon, came to be known by the Romans as 'Diana's Mirror'..
3) Within a sacred grove on the northern shore of the lake stood the temple sanctuary of Diana Nemorensis or 'Diana of the Wood' constructed around 300 BC, though the cult of Diana of Nemi is thought to have its origins as far back as the 6th century BC..
1) This bronze diploma was awarded to Marcus Surus Garasenus on 5th April 71 AD, recognising his completion of 26 years' service as an auxiliary marine in the Roman naval fleet based at Misenum. The prized diploma granted full Roman citizenship to Marcus, his wife and his heirs..
2) Marcus Surus originally came from the Roman province of Syria, leaving his home in what is today Jerash, Jordan to join the Roman navy during the reign of Claudius in 46 AD...
3) Marking completion of his stipulation 26 years of service, this diploma not only grants him honourable discharge and full Roman citizenship, but also records that 'Surus, son of Dama, from Jerash' will now be known by his Romanised name, Marcus Surus Garasenus.
1) An astounding survival from the Roman world. This silver bust of the emperor Galba is an incredibly rare example of an imperial imago, a reverential portrait of the reigning emperor mounted on a pole and carried into battle as a military standard...
2) The imago of the emperor was carried on campaign by a special standard-bearer known as the imaginifer. These precious metal busts ensured the symbolic presence of the emperor on the battlefield, and in the absence of the real ruler, could be used as...
3) ..objects of veneration in the camp, foci for oaths of fidelity to the emperor, as well as oaths of submission from a defeated enemy. This imago of Galba is of particular historical interest; after he had reigned for six months in the wake of Nero's suicide...
1) The fascinating Roman grave memorial of Sextus Vettius Geminus, veteran of the Third Augustan Legion based at Lambaesis, Algeria. The stele with its striking portrait is compelling in its own right – but is made even more so by an intriguing added function that it served...
2) Sextus Vettius Geminus lived sixty years and was a veteran of Legio III Augusta, in which he served a crucial role as signifer or standard-bearer. The old, bearded veteran is shown wearing his toga in a powerful frontal portrait that extends beyond the limits of its frame..
3) The memorial to Vettius Geminus was probably set up by his wife Licinia Muciana and a son also called Vettius, whose names are both damaged in the inscription. It is when we look at the top of the gravestone that we see something very surprising...
1) This incredible Roman bronze victory trophy is a unique survival from the ancient world, unearthed in the forum of Hippo Regius in Algeria where it once stood in celebration of a Roman military triumph...
2) The tropaeum, standing eight feet tall and weighing over a quarter of a ton, is sculpted in emulation of temporary trophies erected near the site of a victorious battle, taking the form of a tree trunk decorated with captured armour and weapons...
3) The cast bronze trophy shows a general's cuirass armour draped in a cloak, with precisely sculpted leather pteruges strips that provided some defence at the hips. Captured enemy weapons may have also been fixed to monument in ancient times...
1) The massive Trier Gold Hoard: 2,516 Roman aurei coins weighing 18.5 kg, unearthed in 1993 in the cellar of a Roman administrative building of ancient Augusta Treverorum. The hoard was deposited during the Antonine Plague or 'Plague of Galen' in the late 2nd century AD..
2) The gold hoard was unearthed by chance during the excavation of an underground parking garage in Trier. Sadly, hundreds of coins were stolen before the hoard could be secured by authorities, but an estimated 95% was preserved – the largest surviving Roman imperial gold hoard.
3) Study has shown the Trier hoard was first deposited in 167 AD at the height of the Antonine Plague: a catastrophic pandemic that may have killed upwards of 10 million people across the Roman Empire including, in all likelihood, the Roman emperor Lucius Verus..