From an archeological point, the Aryans in Kashmir is a misnomer. In the excavations that were conducted at two most important archeological sites in Kashmir: Burzohoum (located on Shalimar road) and Gufkral, no traces of Aryans as such have been found.
(1/n)
An overview of Burzohoum excavation that every Kashmiri must know:
Burzhoum is dervied from ‘berze’ (berze kul) which is also called Birch tree which is deviduos tree native to Himalayas at high altitudes and has been found in ecavation areas as roofs of houses. (2/n)
The site of Burzahom was discovered by H De Terra and TT Peterson of a Yale-Cambridge expedition in 1935. The trial diggings were further undertaken by TN Khazanchi between 1960 and 1971. Archaeologist excavated subterranean dwellings as well as burial pits at Burzahom (3/n)
along with numerous arts and artefacts.
The excavations pointed to four main eras: Period 1/2: 3-4 millinea BC. (Neolithic), there were coarse hand pottery antiquities found related to this era, with mat prints at the bottom; they were in the shape of bowl or vase. (4/n)
Period 2: Agricultural artefacts. Wheat barley and lentils were grown and trade links were established over central Asia.
Period 3: Megalithic period (1000 B.C) There was finding of copper objects like arrowheads pointing to the fact that Kashmiris had gained a good (5/n)
knowledge of mettalurgy.
Period 4: 100-200 C.E, superior structures made of mudbricks, pottery was also better of red ware type. Iron artefacts too were found.
The excavations suggested that Kashmiris in antique times were traditionally an artisan community, (6/n)
very efficient at weaving and intricate craftsmanship.
Pottery made in Burzahom showed close affinity to those found in the Swat valley, particularly in respect of its shapes and decorations of the black ware pottery.
There were discovries of bone needles, cotton, wool (7/n)
and other fabric proving that Kashmir had a dominant textile industry thousands of years ago.
Kashmir had a huge international trade with neighbours as early as 5000 years ago, A number of artefacts like pendants, beads, terracotta bangles give credence that Kashmir (8/n)
traded with the present day Pakistan, China and other sub-Himalayan areas. The unearthed specimens of art indicate that the prehistoric people of Burzahom established contact with Central Asia, South West Asia and also had links to the Gangetic plains and peninsular India. (n)
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Omar Ibn Said of the Tukolor Fula ethnicity was born in 1765 in Futa Toro, West Africa, present-day Senegal. He had received eduction in Arabic and religious studies for 25 years. The region was raided by the imperialists (1n)
and he was taken a captive and sold as a slave in South Carolina to a cruel man called Johnson. To escape from his cruelty, Said ran away but was caught and jailed at Fayetteville, North Carolina. The pious man started writing in Arabic on the walls of the jail. (2/n)
He was eventually taken to the household of Jim Owen whose brother John, was the Governor of North Carolina. His “master” was fully convinced that Omar had converted to Christianity, Omar kept on practicing his faith clandestinely. Inside the Bible given to him by Jim, (3/n)
While flags usually represent solidarity of a people, the flag below represents disintegration of a Universal unity into “nation-ness” driven geographical fragments, designed and extended by Western imperial interests. The flag of Arab revolt against the Ottomans during WW1. (1/n
The flag had been designed by Mark Sykes. Flags inspired by it include those of Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, Kuwait, Sudan, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Somaliland, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Libya. The Sykes–Picot Agreement (2/n)
was a 1916 secret treaty between the UK and France, with assent from the Russia and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence in Muslim world. No doubt, the Ottoman empire was at its nadir, politically, religiously (3/n)
Hejaz Railway was an epidemic-avoiding (cholera), cheap conveyance for Hajis that ran from Damascus to Arabian Peninsula constructed from 1900-1908. Apart from its religious and political significance its importance lay in the fact that it marked Muslim solidarity. (1/n)
It was proposed by an Indian Muslim by the name of Muhammad InshaAllah in 1897 who was a teacher and journalist. It was commisioned by the Turk Abdulhamid II as a mark of pride and defiance to European colonisers. It was build purely from Muslim money which was (2/n)
was raised by Indian Muslims (living under British), Arabs (Colonised by British, French etc), Bosnians (living under Austrio-Hingarian rule) and those throughout the world, penny by penny. (3/n)
Indian Muslim soldiers in Singapore executed by the British after refusal to fight against Turkey, 1914-1915.
Context (Thread)
The Fifth Light Infantry regimen of British Indian Army from Madras was sent to replace Yorkshire infantry. They consisted of Muslims who were Pathans and Rajputs and were mainly from the Haryana and Punjab areas. The Ottomans had sided with their (1/n)
German allies against the British and its allies. Sultan Mehmet V, who was the Khalifa, i.e. the head of Caliphate system which began after the demise of Muhammad ﷺ, had urged Muslims all over the world to fight the British. After the arrival of the infantry in Singapore, (2/n)
The world’s first university was founded in 9th century C.E by a Muslim woman Fatima al-Fihri (also called “Umm-ul-Banayn). Established in the year 859, the University of al-Qarawiyyin was the first degree-granting educational institute in the world (as recognised by UNESCO (1/n)
and Guinness World Records). Fatima was born in Tunisia and later migrated to Morocco. Upon the death of her father she inherited a large fortune. She invested the money in funding a local mosque and educational institution which took shape of a huge university named after her (2
birthplace – Qayrawan – in Tunisia.
Al-Qarawiyyin University was the first university to grant a degree in medicine and the first scientific hub to grant academic degrees in various types of Islamic sciences, literature, mathematics and astronomy. (3/n)