50% of ancestry in modern day Yugoslavs, 25% in Albanians, & 40% in Bulgarians comes from invaders from northern & eastern Europe who arrived 200-700 AD. Romanian origins complex, with 50% of their ancestry from same NE European invaders as well as Asiatics from steppe.
Roman Europe was very diverse at its height, with migrants from the more densely populated east settling in European cities. A sizable part of population of Viminacium in modern Serbia was of Middle Eastern origin, & they were wealthier than the locals.
Middle Eastern ancestry in Roman Balkans declined in 4th century AD. Sarmatians from the steppe and Germans from the north began to settle the Balkans, mixing with the pre-Roman populations who had held out in the relatively more homogenous countryside.
Slavic invasions of the Balkans in the Dark Ages formed the modern populations of former Yugoslavia. South Slavs of the 10th century AD are very similar in ancestry to modern South Slavs. Slavic ancestry was disproportionately (75%) from women.
Paper is one of several confirming what Juvenal, the Gracchi Brothers, Pliny the Elder observed - that the late Roman Republic's & early Roman Empire's eastern subjects comprised a noticeably high part of the Empire's European population. biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
The decline & fall of the Roman Empire featured mass die offs, with the Easterners concentrated in the cities disappearing. The rural pre-Roman populations survived and mixed with their German & Slav conquerors, forming modern Europeans nations.
Thread with excerpts from "The Other Quiet Revolution: National Identities in English Canada, 1945-71" by Jose Igartua
Author argues national identity among English-speaking Canadians died entirely in mid-20th century, and was replaced by a broader civic identity. Nonetheless there is still an English-Canadian nation that can be seen sociologically through shared culture.
90% of Canadians read at least one newspaper in 1969, compared to only 68% watching television news. Spread of opinion polling ended up restricting range of public discussion.
Thread with excerpts from "Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire. A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018)" by John Kapapi
At the time of the 1884 Berlin Conference, what is now the eastern Congo was ruled by eight kingdoms. Rwanda had yet to be united. Per the author, Rwandan (Tutsi & Hutu) migration west of Lake Kivu was minimal at the time.
Belgians created two chiefdoms in North Kivu. One was given to Tutsi from Hunde in 1922, & other was bought from the Hunde in 1939. Conflict with Hunde led to Tutsi preferring to flee to South Kivu during the dynastic struggles following overthrow of King Rwabugiri in 1895.
In line with archaeology, western & central Iberia were populated by hunter-gatherers distinctive from those on Mediterranean coast by their higher Magdalenian ancestry. Those hunter-gatherers had a resurgence over the EEFs as elsewhere during neolithic.
Steppe ancestry in IEs was diluted by the time that they reached SW Iberia at end of third millennium, in line with other studies. However, there are signs of an Eastern Mediterranean migration to Iberia in Bronze Age or earlier:
There was substantial migration to urban areas in Portugal during the Roman period from Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. If these samples are representative, about half of the urban population was foreign-derived. Date of the site isn't provided, but was after 100 BC.
Caesar's destructiveness around the Rhine can be seen in the palynological record around Cologne. The area was densely cultivated starting about 250 BC and reforested after 50 BC, implying depopulation for a century.
pre-modern mass migrations often had appalling death tolls. Pressure of the German Suebi on the Celt Helvetii must have been tremendous:
Tiberius withdrew Roman troops from east of the Rhine, but left a 10 km no man's land that wasn't resettled by Germans until the late first or early second centuries.