Emma Hilton Profile picture
Sep 27, 2021 13 tweets 4 min read Read on X
With this comment, Peter demonstrates the disconnect of understanding between what sex is and how sex is expressed.

Here follows some cutlery.
This is a knife. It’s function is to Cut Stuff.

This knife is relatively blunt and tame-looking. I wouldn’t recommend peeling an apple with it.
Here is another knife, which Cuts Stuff.

This is a beast of a knife. You could peel an apple with this. And your fingers, if you’re not careful.
This is a fork. Its function is to Spear Stuff.

This is a pretty fork.
This is another fork, and it Spears Stuff.

It has a different number of Spearing Things to the fork before. No worries, it still works just as well. I wouldn’t use it to Spear Peas en route to mouth though, unless you want disapproving looks and immediate danger to eyes.
This is a broken knife. By altering your technique, you could still Cut Stuff with it, but it’s suboptimal function.

This is not a fork. It is not More Fork than an intact knife.
This is a broken fork that likes heavy metal.

It still works to Spear Stuff.

It doesn’t Cut Stuff. It is not a knife.
This is a knork, combining both the functions of Cutting Stuff and Spearing Stuff in one implement.

Easier to make knorks rather than separate knives and forks, but total functionality of knorks is more limited than having two separate implements.

If it works for you, great.
One could cut channels into a blunt knife and turn it into a fork. Maybe one could also sharpen a single-tined fork to render it a knife.

Switching from Cutting Stuff to Spearing Stuff (or vice versa) is a functional switch.

No pictures of this process were available.
Cutting Stuff and Spearing Stuff are two sub-functions that form the wider function of Eating Stuff.
The purpose of this analogy is to demonstrate that one can elucidate two different and complementary functions, *regardless* of how those functions are split (or not) across implements. One can elucidate function even in broken implements.
There is a spectrum of implements. There is no spectrum of function.

There is no implement that Scoops Stuff in the system of sex.
This is a pair of chopsticks. They have no discernible differential function.

Left hand, right hand, whichever you use for whatever piece of food, it makes no difference.

They get the job done, but imagine if you made one a little pointier and one with a flatter edge…

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More from @FondOfBeetles

Apr 4
This is the menstrual cycle.

Trans-identified males do not have one. Image
This is the uterus, from which we bleed.

Trans-identified males do not have one. Image
During a period, prostaglandins trigger uterine contractions, causing cramps.

Trans-identified males do not have them. Image
Read 8 tweets
Mar 27
People with 5ARD are male, not female

In defence of Semenya et al, many argue:
1. athletes with 5ARD are female;
2. features associated with 5ARD are normal female variation;
3. these athletes should be included in female sports.

The first claim is incoherent.Image
To understand 5ARD, let's look at healthy reproductive development.

Both male and female development are well-understood. Image
Male development
1. Y chromosome carrying functional SRY that directs testes development
2. testes produce hormones, notably testosterone (T)
3. T first drives male internal genitalia development
4. T>DHT conversion drives male external genital development
Read 20 tweets
Mar 26
“Sex screening in athletes is racist!”

Why? Really struggling with this.

In our recent paper (cited by World Athletics @sebcoe) calling for the reintroduction of sex screening in the female category, we make it very clear that this type of screening must be:

1. Cohort-wide | performed in all athletes wishing to enter the female category, regardless of skin colour, religion, nationality etc.

2. Early | to protect privacy and dignity, and avoid athletes being front-page news.

With these parameters in mind, the sex screen itself cannot be considered “racist”.

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.11…
Citing historic ethical issues won’t wash. We all acknowledge these. Early, cohort-wide screening will avoid the failures of the past.

So the cry of “racism” must be aimed elsewhere, presumably anchored on the premise that previous targeted screening (which is precisely what I and others advocate against) brought multiple black athletes and very few white athletes to our front pages.
Now, let’s grant that and think about what that means.

The charge against me and others is that we are “policing sex” in a way that excludes black women (when measured against “white femininity”).

My friends, I am here to tell you that I - an adult human female with white skin - am precisely the same quality and amount of female as any adult human female with black skin.

Black women aren’t female by some weird voodoo. They are women in precisely the same way as white women are women.

In fact, it starts to look a bit racist on your part to suggest that black women aren’t women in the same way as white women are women.

Ironic, huh?
Read 8 tweets
Mar 25
In sport, we are interested in the effects of male or female development on the body, not the booty.

The category boundary between males and females is male-pattern androgenisation - having testes that make testosterone (T) and a functional T response.Image
Disorders of sex development (DSDs) affect reproductive development, and sometimes challenge legal and social sex classification.

5ARD, for example, means a male baby doesn't make the hormone required for penis development. The baby may be misclassified as female at birth. Image
But there is no evidence that having 5ARD means you don't go through normal male "rest-of-body" development, and this gives performance advantages in sport. Image
Read 4 tweets
Jan 26
On “we all start as females” (by request).

At the level of anatomy, “female” describes a particular reproductive system - eggs in ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva.
This reproductive system begins to differentiate at around six weeks post-fertilisation, when the embryonic gonads - two balls of cells clumped in your pelvic area - turn into ovaries and not testes.
The ongoing development of internal and external genitalia follows this gonadal differentiation into ovaries.

This is what is meant by “organisation” - the coordinated, sequential development of multiple tissues that have evolved around a given reproductive function.
Read 19 tweets
Dec 25, 2024
I ran a fairly straightforward analysis of track and field performances across junior ages in different track and field competitions.

The raw analysis looks like this for international records. Above the line is male advantage, below the line is female advantage.

This pattern its repeated across national and state-level competitions. You can see that for almost all events at all ages, boys hold advantage over girls.Image
Image
Where female advantage is detected, this is easily explained.

At 10 years old, girls grow ahead of boys, and catch up/overtake them briefly in running.

The female advantage in discus at 15-16 years old is because girls throw lighter implements.

The distance drop off as boys move to the 2 kg discus is obvious.Image
But actually, while these data are good for getting a handle on the magnitude of advantage, I came up with a slightly different question to ask of them.

With help from @johnarmstrong5, I came up with a null hypothesis: if there is no difference between boys and girls pre-puberty, the frequency of boys and girls "winning" should be around 50/50.

So I collapsed the performances as wins or losses. See below for international records, scored as wins for the boys above the line and wins for the girls below the line.Image
Image
Read 5 tweets

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