Emma Hilton Profile picture
Sep 27, 2021 13 tweets 4 min read Read on X
With this comment, Peter demonstrates the disconnect of understanding between what sex is and how sex is expressed.

Here follows some cutlery.
This is a knife. It’s function is to Cut Stuff.

This knife is relatively blunt and tame-looking. I wouldn’t recommend peeling an apple with it.
Here is another knife, which Cuts Stuff.

This is a beast of a knife. You could peel an apple with this. And your fingers, if you’re not careful.
This is a fork. Its function is to Spear Stuff.

This is a pretty fork.
This is another fork, and it Spears Stuff.

It has a different number of Spearing Things to the fork before. No worries, it still works just as well. I wouldn’t use it to Spear Peas en route to mouth though, unless you want disapproving looks and immediate danger to eyes.
This is a broken knife. By altering your technique, you could still Cut Stuff with it, but it’s suboptimal function.

This is not a fork. It is not More Fork than an intact knife.
This is a broken fork that likes heavy metal.

It still works to Spear Stuff.

It doesn’t Cut Stuff. It is not a knife.
This is a knork, combining both the functions of Cutting Stuff and Spearing Stuff in one implement.

Easier to make knorks rather than separate knives and forks, but total functionality of knorks is more limited than having two separate implements.

If it works for you, great.
One could cut channels into a blunt knife and turn it into a fork. Maybe one could also sharpen a single-tined fork to render it a knife.

Switching from Cutting Stuff to Spearing Stuff (or vice versa) is a functional switch.

No pictures of this process were available.
Cutting Stuff and Spearing Stuff are two sub-functions that form the wider function of Eating Stuff.
The purpose of this analogy is to demonstrate that one can elucidate two different and complementary functions, *regardless* of how those functions are split (or not) across implements. One can elucidate function even in broken implements.
There is a spectrum of implements. There is no spectrum of function.

There is no implement that Scoops Stuff in the system of sex.
This is a pair of chopsticks. They have no discernible differential function.

Left hand, right hand, whichever you use for whatever piece of food, it makes no difference.

They get the job done, but imagine if you made one a little pointier and one with a flatter edge…

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More from @FondOfBeetles

May 13
On hantavirus #ANDV #hantavirus

I think the Andes hantavirus data is being misread right now.

Claims are circulating that the evidence doesn’t seem to support.

I want to walk through them carefully.
The 40% fatality figure: an artefact of who gets counted.

The 40% case fatality rate (CFR) figure comes specifically from hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), an outcome in a subset of hanta infections.

This is the severe cardiopulmonary presentation. It excludes subclinical infections that resolved without anyone noticing more than “a touch of flu”.

In Jujuy Province, Argentina, the seroprevalence (rate at which people have antibodies due to hanta infection) is 6.5%. Hospitalised HPS cases had a CFR of 13.3%, but most patients were described as having a mild clinical course.

Disclaimer: although an Argentine outbreak, this has not been confirmed as ANDV.

The 40% is the fatality rate among people sick enough to be diagnosed and hospitalised.

It is not the infection fatality rate.

These are not the same thing, and conflating them is causing significant confusion.
The true attack rate: barely any data.

The Boat had approximately 180 exposed individuals, and around ten cases have been detected. Three - soon to be four, I predict - have died.

Without antibody analysis of the full cohort, we don’t know how many mild or subclinical infections were missed entirely.
Read 21 tweets
May 7
On Hantavirus: a (non-technical) thread.

Disclaimer: I am a biology PhD, but not virology/epidemiology. Husbandman is a virology PhD. But I’m told I’m good at communicating science, so here’s my take.

#Hantavirus
Humans get hantavirus from rodents who carry it.

Some people went to Argentina birdwatching in a landfill, and were exposed to hantavirus because rodents like landfills.

Looks like one - if not two - people brought the virus onto their cruise boat.
So now we have an isolated boat with an index case: someone who is infected.

That’s not good for the index case. Hantavirus has a high fatality rate, and that’s scary.
Read 20 tweets
Apr 8
A cell layer that has developed to protect your body from the outside doesn’t work like a cell layer that has developed to protect your body from the inside.

The cells lining my vagina are not the same cells, and they don’t have the same function, as the ones wrapping your penis.

There’s a name for what happens when you subject dry-adapted “outside skin” to wet-adapted “inside conditions”.

Further reading: trench foot.
My vagina - “inside skin” - hothouses a healthy microbiome that promotes health and healing, and imparts immune function onto small humans that happen to come out of it.

Yours? Less so.
My vagina is a muscular organ, adapted to my healthy female function of receipt of peen, expelling menstrual products and pushing out small humans.

An inside out penis? Less so.
Read 8 tweets
Apr 3
Let’s move the discussion from available techniques for sex screening and to matters of process.

Ross @Scienceofsport has described the need for detailed technical documents that inform sports federations in robust implementation of a sex screening policy. I’ll link to his video next.

But here, I’m going to take a wander through running an assay, highlighting standards and procedures.
First, this is Ross’ video of the overall process, highlighting the need for coherent implementation practices. He - correctly - evokes the reams of technical documents used by WADA in their anti-doping programmes.

Even the simplest of lab assays can have pages of instructions associated with it.
So, the assay for sex screening will be detection of the SRY gene. This is the ‘make male’ gene that is the master switch for testes-not-ovaries.

The assays out there are very sensitive and specific. That means they can detect SRY when it’s present, and they don’t give a signal when it’s absent. They aren’t 100% on either metric, but near as dammit.

This itself may be a problem…
Read 18 tweets
Mar 26
In 2025, Jon Pike and I argued that exclusion of athletes with androgenising XY DSDs from female athletics is justified, because these athletes are male, not female.

@runthinkwrite

tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.10…Image
@runthinkwrite This followed a 2024 paper where we, along with Ross Tucker, Tommy Lundberg, Cathy Devine and many others, argued for a return to sex screening to secure eligibility for female sport.

@Scienceofsport @TLexercise @cathydevine56

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.11…Image
@runthinkwrite @Scienceofsport @TLexercise @cathydevine56 This followed another 2024 paper where we critiqued the (now former) IOC policy on inclusion of trans-identifying males in female sports.

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.11…Image
Read 5 tweets
Feb 6
I am starting to pull out details of this "meta" review that says trans-identifying males don't have advantage over women in sports.

I need a sanity check, because I'm only at Figure 1 and already there's an issue.

bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/…
So this is Figure 1A: fat mass (kg).

Alvares 2025, n=7, fat mass is higher in females as both absolute and relative values. This is logged as "favours cisgender", which is kinda odd because high fat mass isn't usually considered favourable for sports, but whatever.

TIMS: 16.2 kg (24%). F: 19.5 kg (26%).Image
But Ceolin 2024 is also logged as "favours cisgender" when their values are:

TIM: 18.2 kg (24%). F: 15 kg (25%). Their n = 47.
Read 7 tweets

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