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Bogdan was born sometime in the 14th century. He appears to have been of Vlach origin and from the Hungarian province of Maramureş near the Eastern Carpathian mountains. The Carpathian mountains served as a boundary for the Kingdom of Hungary. 1/10
Not far east of the Carpathians was the Mongol Empire, but by the middle of the 14th century they had been divided and their control waning. The Mongols had invaded Hungary in the 1280s, but they were pushed back at the time. 2/10
The Sicilian House of Capet-Anjou had acquired the Hungarian throne after the extinction of the House of Árpád that had ruled Hungary from its beginning. They sought to secure the eastern borders from further Mongol invasions. 3/10
Sometime towards the middle of the 14th century, Dragoş led many from Maramureş over the Carpathians and settled near River Moldova. This new settlement, later known as Moldavia, became a marcher province of the Kingdom of Hungary. 4/10
The Hungarian King, Lajos, strengthened the royalty and kept the nobility inline. Bogdan may have been the voivode of Maramureş in early 1340s, but the two seem to have gotten into conflict soon after Lajos became King in 1342. 5/10
Bogdan then went east crossing the Carpathians, displacing the Hungarian voivode of Moldavia, and broke away from Hungary. By 1365, King Lajos had taken away Bogdan's provinces in Maramureş, for his rebellion, and given it to the displaced voivode. 6/10
Around the same time, Lithuania had defeated the Golden Horde capturing the Rus' Principality of Kyiv. This reduced the Mongol threat to Moldavia allowing Bogdan to consolidate his rule over it. 7/10
King Lajos, in the meantime, was occupied in the Balkans and in Italy. He would also later inherit Poland from his maternal uncle, King Kazimierz, the last Polish King from the House of Piast that founded Poland. 8/10
Moldavia continued beyond Bogdan, with varying levels of connections to Poland, Lithuania, Hungary and Byzantium. After the fall of Constantinople, it came under the Ottoman sphere of influence. 9/10
Russia gained eastern Moldavia after the Russo-Turkish War that ended in 1812. This region is currently part of Moldova. The remaining part united with Wallachia in 1859 to form Romania. Treaty of Trianon added Transylvania to Romania in 1920, along with part of Maramureş. 10/10
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Murad was born in 1404 to Mehmed. Mehmed was the son of Bayezid, the Ottoman Sultan who was captured by Timur in 1402. This led to a period of anarchy in the Sultanate. By 1413, Mehmed had managed to defeat his brothers and take over as Sultan of the entire Sultanate. 1/10
The Ottoman had Sultanate emerged in late 13th century after the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm was defeated by the Mongols. Many beyliks rose up in the Anatolian peninsula, one among which was ruled by the ancestors of Bayezid, Mehmed and Murad. 2/10
Rastislav was born in early 9th century. His father may have been Wistrach and his uncle Mojmír, the Duke of Moravia. Little is known about Rastislav's youth, until 846 when Franks invaded Moravia and installed Rastislav as the Duke of Moravia. 1/10
Moravia emerged as a semi independent state in Central Europe not long after the Franks had defeated the Avars in late 8th century. Moravia was not the first power in the region though. The Slavic states of Samo and of Nitra had lasted briefly during various times as well. 2/10
Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck was born in 1815 to Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von Bismarck and Wilhelmine Luise Mencken. Hailing from Schönhausen, the Bismarcks were a prominent noble family of the Kingdom of Prussia, with connections in Pomerania. 1/10
Prussia became a kingdom in 1701, but its major part was Brandenburg in the centuries old Holy Roman Empire. Invasion by the French in early 19th century led to the dissolution of this empire, with many of its regions joining Napoleon backed Confederation of the Rhine. 2/10
Camillo Benso was born in 1810 to Michele Benso, Marquis of Cavour, and Adélaïde Suzanne de Sellon. The Bensos were prominent nobility of Savoy. Camillo also had a distinguishing French connection thanks to his mother and his godmother Pauline, sister of Emperor Napoleon. 1/10
The early 18th century saw the French under Napoleon occupy Savoy. But the Bensos managed to see through it in a favourable manner eventually. Young Camilo's career prospects improved with his appointment as page to Carlo Alberto, Prince of Carignano in 1824. 2/10
Iaroslav Vladimirovich was born around 980 to Vladimir Sviatoslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, and Rogned of Polotsk. Vladimir was initially supposed to rule only in Novgorod, but he had taken Kiev and Dereva from his brothers by 980. 1/10
Iaroslav was given an early charge of Rostov and, later, of Novgorod by 1010. But he sought Kiev and rebelled against his father, when he saw that one of his many brothers may be given Kiev. However, Vladimir died in 1015 and his domain got divided between his sons. 2/10
Birger Magnusson was born around 1210 to Magnus "Minnesköld" Bengtsson and Ingrid Ilva. Magnus was the grandson of the powerful Scandinavian noble, Folke, while Ingrid may have been a descendant of Sverker, King of Sweden in mid 12th century. 1/10
The kingdom of Sweden claimed land on the western and eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea in the 13th century. However, the crown itself was held between two dynasties since Sverker's death in 1156; by Sverker's family and that of Erik who became king after Sverker. 2/10