Original inhabitants of the Sahara back when it was still wet and fertile were a group of veritable giants (reaching 2 meters) who lived in complex, sedentary fisher-societies alongside the banks of the various lakes, among them Lake Megachad, then the size of the Caspian Sea.
The lakeside plains they inhabited often flooded, so they built large mounds to live upon. They also had advanced canoes with which they traversed the waterways. Through vast spans of the Sahara, a unified 'wavy line' style of pottery dominated, evidencing a shared culture
In time, the climate began to shift, and the waters retreated. When this happened, the great lagoons and floodplains became for a time wide, fertile pastures. This drew the attention of incoming pastoralists, whose hitherto home further north was quickly drying.
Ultimately, the cultures of these giant, aboriginal North Africans ("Mechtoids") were assimilated by the incoming pastoralists, and from their union arose probably the first Chadic and Berber peoples as we know them.
The Sahara's final desertification had a shattering, knock-on effect on the peoples of the region. One group whose very origins may lie in this event is that of the Nilo-Saharans, whose original homeland may have been along the Yellow Nile, a now-vanished tributary of the Nile.
When the great pasturelands of Northern Africa turned to sand, many people were forced north, towards the Barbary Coast.
Others, however, moved south. Nilotic peoples from South Sudan, though visually distinctly Sub-Saharan, carry North African genetic signatures.
The Fulani are another possibly result of this exodus. Denizens of the Sahel and West Africa and speakers of a sub-Saharan Niger–Congo language, they nevertheless maintain a heavily pastoralist lifestyle, and show male-line ties with Afroasiatics and Nilo-Saharans.
It seems plausible to theorise that the knock-on effect of the drying Sahara led, in a sort of African Völkerwanderung, to a large-scale invasion south of various pastoralist tribes. In time, many were effectively assimilated, but their lifestyle lives on, as does trace ancestry.
Not even mentioned in all this are the repeated ingressions of Eurasian ancestry into Chad & East Africa. Such ancestry seems to have come both from the Near East & Iberia, diffusing perhaps first along the northern shores before being thrust into the desert &, ultimately, south.
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Woolly mammoths may have been alive in Europe at the same time as the Trojan War.
Yes, I mean that seriously. Also yes, the word "may" is doing a lot of work in that sentence, and I will elaborate.
It is at this point a fairly well-known fact that a small population of woolly mammoths survived on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until only around 1600 BC, a thousand years after the building of the Pyramid of Giza.
What is still less known is the story on the mainland.
Over the last few years, environmental genomics surveys have increasingly been employed as new tool to investigate the ecosystems of the past, scanning not for the bones of past animals, but for signatures of their DNA. What has been revealed is remarkable.
An extremely fascinating bit of obscure history is that of the Kongsi republics in Western Borneo - Chinese 'company-states' predicated on gold and tin mining that existed on the island between the 1700s-1800s
The term 'kongsi' (公司) is not a Mandarin Chinese word, but instead from Hokkien, a Chinese language spoken primarily in southeastern Fujian, while the related form 'Kung-sze' exists in Hakka, another regional Sinitic language spoken in the south.
This etymology is significant because it belies the origin of the Southeast Asian kongsis. Both the Hakka and Hokkien peoples originated from the north of China, arriving in a south already populated by other Chinese groups. Pushed to the margins, they formed a mercantile culture
THREAD - The Origins of Kiswahili & the Swahili Coast
(1) In recent decades, Swahili has emerged as the African language par excellence, from culture & education to geopolitics. A bridge across the East African community, Swahili has deep roots - but where do they begin?
(2) With 200+ million speakers, the Swahili language is spread today across a vast swathe of eastern Africa, serving as the main national language in Tanzania and (alongside English) in Kenya, and with a growing presence in Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and the eastern Congo.
(3) It is the most widely spoken language entirely native to Africa by a sizeable margin. Despite this, Swahili is not exactly an ordinary member of the Bantu language family - emerging as a trading lingua franca across the eastern seaboard, it carries great foreign influence.
So many people discussing Dune (take a shot) get the prophecy of the Lisan al-Gaib wrong. They point out, correctly, that it is a fake prophecy, planted by the Bene Gesserit, and then conclude from this that Paul's rise as the mahdi is just empty propaganda, but... no.
The prophecy is part of the Bene Gesserit's 'Missionaria Protectiva', a panoply of false superstitions planted across the galaxy to aid the Bene Gesserit sisters in their grand breeding project, should they need help on a given world, by providing them leverage to manipulate.
But that's just the point, they are fake prophecies for the Bene Gesserit to manipulate. The BG were not actually expecting the Kwisatz Haderach to arise among the Fremen, nor on any of those other planets. Not outside their supervision. They *weren't meant to come true*
Most reports from traditional agrarian societies are that people despised their subsistence farming life and would do anything to escape it. See for instance Blythe's Akenfield.
To be clear, I am also v wistful about the passing of the old countryside and rural traditions, and Akenfield is certainly full of old-timers mourning the passing of many venerable and beautiful things.
But it cannot be understated that the day-to-day for most was miserable.
Any serious grappling with the issue of farmland life and tradition - just like any serious engagement with the preservation of traditional culture among peoples like the African Bushmen or Maasai - must face up to the fact that most people did & do not want to live that way.
(1) Easter, like Christmas, Halloween and so many other Western festivals is field for a now-annual set of arguments over the holiday's "true" provenance - Christian or "really" pagan? Much of this roots in a murky and debatable figure - 'Ēostre'
(2) The common narrative for the "Easter is pagan" crowd is well-known at this point: Aside from the extreme cranks drawing references to Mesopotamian Ishtar, the story goes that Easter takes its name from a goddess known in Old English as 'Ēostre' and German as 'Ostara'
(3) With this is usually attached a host of extremely tenuous claims about the supposed connection of other Easter staples - Easter eggs, bunnies - with the cult of Ēostre. These have essentially nothing going for them, but debates about Easter often get bogged down here.