This article shows deep history of these disputes. Soviet-backed regime of the 1970s sought to redistribute land in a violent manner.
We trace the roots of conflicts to the reign of 19th century ruler Abdul Rahman Khan who ruthlessly confiscated lands, esp. from minorities.
During the past twenty years, the only solution donors came up with was legal titling.
In a survey, I found that 80% of rural Afghans have customary deeds. Makes no sense to give up your customary deed to take a legal title from a state you do not trust. State had no trust.
Our book came out during the chaos of the past few months, one day soon @IMurtazashvili and I will do a proper tweet thread and and share more about our book.
In the meantime you can find it here (paperback should be out soon). amazon.com/dp/B097HR5C92?…
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Much attention on the hasty US withdrawal, but this is a collapse of political institutions. The state lost its remaining legitimacy. This had been eroding for years. US aid fed the state but undermined its connection to people. Domestic politics is the primary driver.
Taliban gained momentum by pointing out the grotesque corruption and rentier nature of the Afghan state. They could draw a contrast. They called the Aghan government puppets.
Taliban public statements show they have a clear understanding of grievances. They understand what was wrong with the Ghani government. Their public statements try to assure people of their security and dignity. They speak in terms of accommodation.
Afghanistan and its people came a long way. Such relentless creativity. Have never seen anything like it. The government couldn't keep up with its diverse citizens and their demands to be treated with dignity and respect. So a deep cynicism about public institutions congealed.
Yet donor countries poured salt on wounds by celebrating corrupt elections. Saying these exercises were good for the Afghans. It was all so patronizing and demoralizing. The donors kept pouring money into these charades. Everyone pretended until they stopped.
Have no doubt that relentless creativity and spirit will persist. It is far too early to say what will come out on the other side of this. But I remain hopeful, as do many Afghans.
Can't understand military collapse without understanding why state lacked legitimacy. Centralization of decision making undermined everything. Same story true of Herat as @MehdiHakimiJ describes in Mazar. nytimes.com/2021/08/13/wor…
All the training and technical assistance in the world would not change the fact that decision making was concentrated in the hands of a few. People promised democracy but given old authoritariansm.
The legitimacy question is the more important--and painful--for policymakers and politicians. Why did all this money fail to build legitimacy? This is the question. It is not a technical question but a political one.
This is the famous Friendship Bridge that links Afghanistan to Uzbekistan. Soviet occupation ended when last tanks crossed this bridge. Bridge now a landmark for the collapse of the Ghani government.
Been here many times. Will never forget going there in the days after 9/11 when I worked for USAID in Tashkent. Brought throngs of foreign journalists there as eyes turned on Afghanistan. Felt such hope for the future. Much was gained. Much was lost.