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Jan Pieterszoon Coen was born in the city of Hoorn, Holland in 1587. Raised as a Calvinist, he grew up in a time when the Dutch were fighting for their independence from the Spanish King, who was also the Count of Holland and ruled over most parts of the Low Countries. 1/10
The Spanish King ruled over a vast realm across continents and had a strong say in global trade. In 1602, the Dutch started Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (Dutch East India Company) partly to counter the Spanish might. 2/10
After studying the trade with a Flemish merchant in Rome, Coen joined the Company and sailed eastwards in 1607 with Pieter Verhoeff. Coen returned to the west in 1610, after Verhoeff and many of his men were killed during trade negotiations with Banda Islands. 3/10
Coen returned east in 1612 after receiving the backing of his senior colleagues. He used the Dutch troops advantageously and was able to obtain preferential trade agreements in Molucca and Banda Islands. But he faced resistance from the Banten Sultanate. 4/10
Banten, an area which had seen considerable change in local politics over the previous century, was an early ally of the Dutch in the east. But they also traded with the English. In 1619, Coen captured and destroyed the Banten port of Jayakarta and rebuilt it. 5/10
Jayakarta became the new base of operations for the Dutch. Renamed Batavia, the city would be crucial to Dutch dominance of the region for the next three centuries.
Coen wasn't done yet though. 6/10
In 1621, the Dutch returned to Banda Islands, with Coen in the lead. He had earlier been appointed their Governor General. The massacre that followed got him a reprimand (in the true colonial sense of the word) from his superiors. He later returned to the west in 1623. 7/10
Coen returned to the east in 1627, but found himself besieged by the Sultanate of Mataram in his capital in 1628 and 1629. Though Batavia withstood the attacks, Coen died during the 1629 siege, though due to unrelated causes. 8/10
Batavia remained the capital of Dutch East Indies as it expanded across the island of Java and later to the other islands of the archipelago. In 1942, Dutch authority in the region fell after its defeat by Japan. 9/10
The city became the capital of the newly formed nation of Indonesia in 1945. But with the city sinking many centimetres into the sea every year, the capital is being moved to a new city, while investment is being made to prevent it from sinking. 10/10
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Murad was born in 1404 to Mehmed. Mehmed was the son of Bayezid, the Ottoman Sultan who was captured by Timur in 1402. This led to a period of anarchy in the Sultanate. By 1413, Mehmed had managed to defeat his brothers and take over as Sultan of the entire Sultanate. 1/10
The Ottoman had Sultanate emerged in late 13th century after the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm was defeated by the Mongols. Many beyliks rose up in the Anatolian peninsula, one among which was ruled by the ancestors of Bayezid, Mehmed and Murad. 2/10
Rastislav was born in early 9th century. His father may have been Wistrach and his uncle Mojmír, the Duke of Moravia. Little is known about Rastislav's youth, until 846 when Franks invaded Moravia and installed Rastislav as the Duke of Moravia. 1/10
Moravia emerged as a semi independent state in Central Europe not long after the Franks had defeated the Avars in late 8th century. Moravia was not the first power in the region though. The Slavic states of Samo and of Nitra had lasted briefly during various times as well. 2/10
Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck was born in 1815 to Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von Bismarck and Wilhelmine Luise Mencken. Hailing from Schönhausen, the Bismarcks were a prominent noble family of the Kingdom of Prussia, with connections in Pomerania. 1/10
Prussia became a kingdom in 1701, but its major part was Brandenburg in the centuries old Holy Roman Empire. Invasion by the French in early 19th century led to the dissolution of this empire, with many of its regions joining Napoleon backed Confederation of the Rhine. 2/10
Camillo Benso was born in 1810 to Michele Benso, Marquis of Cavour, and Adélaïde Suzanne de Sellon. The Bensos were prominent nobility of Savoy. Camillo also had a distinguishing French connection thanks to his mother and his godmother Pauline, sister of Emperor Napoleon. 1/10
The early 18th century saw the French under Napoleon occupy Savoy. But the Bensos managed to see through it in a favourable manner eventually. Young Camilo's career prospects improved with his appointment as page to Carlo Alberto, Prince of Carignano in 1824. 2/10
Iaroslav Vladimirovich was born around 980 to Vladimir Sviatoslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, and Rogned of Polotsk. Vladimir was initially supposed to rule only in Novgorod, but he had taken Kiev and Dereva from his brothers by 980. 1/10
Iaroslav was given an early charge of Rostov and, later, of Novgorod by 1010. But he sought Kiev and rebelled against his father, when he saw that one of his many brothers may be given Kiev. However, Vladimir died in 1015 and his domain got divided between his sons. 2/10
Birger Magnusson was born around 1210 to Magnus "Minnesköld" Bengtsson and Ingrid Ilva. Magnus was the grandson of the powerful Scandinavian noble, Folke, while Ingrid may have been a descendant of Sverker, King of Sweden in mid 12th century. 1/10
The kingdom of Sweden claimed land on the western and eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea in the 13th century. However, the crown itself was held between two dynasties since Sverker's death in 1156; by Sverker's family and that of Erik who became king after Sverker. 2/10