1- list of monarchs of kush 2- Meroe as a city of violent contest and capital of the Napatan-era kings
3- the emergence of the meroitic dynasty
4-the emergence of the meroitic script and the circumstances that brought Kush's first female sovereign to power
5- the origin of the Kushite title Candace 6- burials of elite women in the neolithic era of nubia 7- the meroitic language of the people of ancient kush from the kerma-era to the meroitic era
8- names of the rulers of Kerma
9-on the kerman queen consort in 17th dynasty Egypt (and the photo of the coffin i used) 10- Queen katimala's inscription, description of scene
11- see paper i linked above ☝️🏾 12- the position of royal women of Kush during the napatan era
13-the politics behind the queen mothers' prominence in ancient egypt 14- kush using Egyptian symbols to integrate the latter into its realm
15- piye's inscription is the longest document in ancient Egypt 16- on kush's succession system being bilateral not matrilineal
17- Nastasen tracing his lineage from Alara, 400 years earlier than him 18- the photos of queen Amanimalolo (napatan era)
19-on Ergamenes identity as Arkamaniqo and the emergence of the meroitic dynasty, see 3 above 20- the kushite election iconography at Musawwarat 21- the gods of Musawwarat 22- oscillation of lower nubia between kush and Ptolemaic egypt
23
-Ptolemies take lower nubia in 274BC
-Kushites retake it in 207BC, temple construction, ptolemies retake it in 186BC
-Kushites retake it in 100BC until the roman invasion of 30BC
24- on the kushite temples in lower nubia, see the 3rd screenshot above 25- war between rome and kush plus peace treaty 26- Queen Amanirenas' inscription of war with rome 27- Queen Amanishakheto inscription depicting a bound roman prisoner with a grecian helmet (#triviaxt)
28- paintings of the roman captives of Queen Amanirenas of Kush from the "Augustus temple" (M 292) at Meroe (1st cent. BC-1st cent AD)
these paintings haven't received much attention from classists & nubiologists
one of the oldest depictions europeans in African art
the book i took them from is free online (for reading)
Studies in ancient Egypt, the Aegean, and the Sudan : essays in honor of Dows Dunham on the occasion of his 90th birthday, June 1, 1980
by Charles C. Van Siclen archive.org/details/studie…
29- on whether it was Queen Amanirenas or Queen Amanitore that buried Augustus' head
30-prosperity after the war with rome 31- see 28 above 32- see 27 above
33- prince Akinidad depictions with queen Amanishakheto 34- Kush's princes "electing" the Queens of meroe
prince akinidad as "queen maker" of the Queens Amanirenas and Amanishakheto and prince Etaretey for Queen Nawidemak
35- on prince Etretey legitimizing Queen Nawidemak's reign 36- "male attributes" of the first four Queens of Kush 37- feminine depictions of the Queens of Kush 38- james bruce on the funj royal wives
39- on egyptian female sovereignty and depictions of egyptian queens as androgynous 40- Queen Shanakdakheto and the invention of the meroitic script 41- why the meroitic script was invented 42- Amanirenas compares with piye's military accomplishments and piety
43- dynastic struggles that favored the enthronement of three queens in close succession
44, 45- comparing Queen katimala and king piye leading their armies from the front with Queen Amanirenas doing the same in her war with rome
46- why later Queens of kush didn't require a legitmizing male figure
47- on Queen Njinga's challenges to her legitimacy based on her gender and the dynasty she established in which 50% were women
In 1516, the King of Benin imposed a ban on the exportation of slaves from his kingdom, an embargo that was enforced for over two centuries during the height of the Atlantic slave trade africanhistoryextra.com/p/anti-slavery…
A lot has been written about the European abolitionist movement in the 19th century, but there's relatively less literature outlining the gradual process in which anti-slavery laws evolved between the Middle Ages and the early modern period. africanhistoryextra.com/p/anti-slavery…
The historicity of the term sub-Saharan Africa is the most persistent misconception in discourses on Africa's past
Proponents of its use claim that it is derived from a historical reality, reflected in the nature of the interaction between Africa's regions africanhistoryextra.com/p/the-colonial…
However, a closer analysis of the intellectual and cultural exchanges between Egypt and Bornu shows that the separation of Africa was never a historical reality, but is instead a more recent colonial construct with a fabricated history. africanhistoryextra.com/p/the-colonial…
The historicity of the term sub-Saharan Africa is the most persistent misconception in discourses on Africa's past
Proponents of its use claim that it is derived from a historical reality, reflected in the nature of the interaction between Africa's regions africanhistoryextra.com/p/the-colonial…
However, a closer analysis of the intellectual and cultural exchanges between Egypt and Bornu shows that the separation of Africa was never a historical reality, but is instead a more recent colonial construct with a fabricated history. africanhistoryextra.com/p/the-colonial…
"Stories about his [Mansa Musa's] journey have numerous anecdotes which are not true and which the mind refuses to admit". africanhistoryextra.com/p/the-myth-of-…
The pilgrimage of Mansa Musa in 1324 is undoubtedly the most famous and most studied event in the history of the west-African middle ages.
Thanks to the abundance of accounts regarding his reign, Musa has become a symbol of a prosperous and independent Africa actively participating in world affairs africanhistoryextra.com/p/the-myth-of-…