2. Eight-pointed Star-Shaped Tile, second half 13th–14th century, Iran
decorated using a method called lajvardina, a term that references lapis lazuli, & would have been part of a star-and-cross panel adorning the walls of an Ilkhanid palace, mosque, or mausoleum.
5. Eighth-pointed star tile, c. 1261–62, Kashan, Ilkhanid period, 13th century
Luster tiles such as this one, with their metallic glaze, lined the walls of religious & secular buildings, reflecting a golden incandescence. Possibly from interior of Imamzada Yahya shrine.
9. Eight-pointed star tile, 1266 Iran, Kashan, Ilkhanid period, 13th century
Luster Wall Tile with a Couple. Around the edge is a border inscription with poem. Tiles such tiles like this were used to decorate the interior walls of palaces & buildings.
11. Eight-pointed Star Tile, 13th-14th century, Iran, Ilkhanid Period
Depicting a deer & with a border & inscription, would have formed one unit of a star & cross tile dado embellishing a Sufi shrine. Texts from 12th-century mystic poet Awhad al-Din Kirmani
12. Eight-pointed Star Tile, 13th-14th century, Iran, Ilkhanid Period
Glazed, stone-paste, underglaze-painted, overglaze-painted luster. Tiles such tiles like this were used to decorate the interior walls of buildings & palaces.
13. Eight-pointed Star Tile, 1201-1300, Iran, Ilkhanid Period
Tiles with dragons were found at Takht-i Sulayman, the summer palace constructed in the 1270s for Abaqa, the Mongol Ilkhan. Tiles like this were used to decorate the interior walls of buildings.
Scholars of Islamic culture contributed significantly to botany, herbals & healing, improving knowledge of plants. They classified plants into those that grow from cuttings, those that grow from seed, & those that grow spontaneously
A thread on botany & art in Islamic culture…
1/ The Holy Qur’an provided the initial impetus for the investigation of herbs by Islamic writers, as plants are named in the depiction of Paradise & are used as signs of the Creator’s power and majesty. Inspired by their faith, Muslims worked extensively in this area
2/ Muslim scholars also commissioned botanical studies due to the need for research on medicinal plants, to respond to medical needs & contribute to the physical & mental health of the community. They created the context of the advent of pharmacology in Islamic civilization
The art of Henna has been practiced in South Asia, Africa & the Middle East for over 5000 years. The botanical name of the henna plant is Lawsonia inermis. A member of the Loosestrife family, henna originally comes from Egypt.
A thread on the art of henna in Muslim cultures...
1/ The English name henna comes from the Arabic term الحناء (al-ḥinnā). The name henna also refers to the dye prepared from the henna plant and the art of temporary tattooing from those dyes. Henna has been used for centuries to dye skin, hair & fingernails as well as fabrics
2/ Modern scientists discovered that henna is antibacterial, antifungal, & anti-hemorrhagic & it has historically been used for medicinal purposes. However, although the use of henna has branched out since its discovery in North Africa its most popular use is still beautification
Ismail al-Jazari, a Muslim inventor from the 12th century is known as the "father of robotics" due to his groundbreaking work in the field of automata, which are self-operating machines.
A thread on Ismail al-Jazari, engineering & robotics…
1/ While robotics is considered a relatively new field of science, with the public’s consensus that it is the creation of 20th-century scientists, it would be surprising to know that the field has its roots in the medieval era nearly a millennium ago, with Ismail Al Jazari
2/ Ismail Al Jazari gained fame for his extraordinary inventions, encompassing a wide spectrum of marvels. His repertoire included robots programmed to provide guests with towels, programmable on-off switches for fountains, automated mechanical clocks & much more!
A Candle Clock from a copy of al-Jazaris treatise on automata