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Céline Gounder, MD, ScM, FIDSA 🇺🇦 Profile picture
@celinegounder
Feb 1, 2022 • 7 tweets • 5 min read • Read on X
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1/ Good news today for many parents!

Pfizer is applying for FDA authorization of 2 doses of its COVID vaccine in kids aged 6 months to 5 years.

The COVID vaccine is SAFE in all kids 6 months to 5 years.

Kids 2-5 years may need a 3rd dose.

with @MSNBC's @KatyTurNBC
2/ We need to wait & see whether a THIRD dose is needed to provide enough protection in kids 2-5 years of age.

But in the meantime, there's no real downside to getting kids under 5 started on their first two COVID shots. They're safe.
3/ Parents' worries about safety seem to be driving low vaccination rates in kids 5-11, who've been eligible for COVID vaccination since November.

Here are findings from @KFF's latest Vaccine Monitor poll:
kff.org/coronavirus-co…
4/ More & more kids 12-17 have gotten their COVID vaccines.

61% have gotten at least one dose.

The proportion of parents reporting their 12-17-year-old definitely will NOT get vaccinated remains fairly stable at over 20%.

kff.org/coronavirus-co…
5/ Vaccination rates are slowly climbing in the 5-11 age group.

33% have gotten at least one dose of COVID vaccine.

The proportion of parents reporting their 5-11-year-old definitely will NOT get vaccinated remains fairly stable at ~25%.

kff.org/coronavirus-co…
6/ An increasing proportion of parents with kids under 5 say they'll get their child vaccinated as soon as the COVID vaccine is authorized for them.

My 2 1/2-year-old niece Adele is in this group.

kff.org/coronavirus-co…
7/ Parents who're more worried COVID vaccines might get their kids sick are:
Lower income
Black/Hispanic
Unvaccinated

Would paid sick & family medical leave – i.e. knowing vaccine-related side-effects won't hurt your income – help address these concerns?

kff.org/coronavirus-co…

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More from @celinegounder

Céline Gounder, MD, ScM, FIDSA 🇺🇦 Profile picture
May 13
1/ What is H5N1 bird flu costing dairy cattle farmers?

Let's say you have a 5,000 cow dairy.

Those cows produce an average of 85 lbs of milk per day
= 425K lbs of milk/day x 7 days/week
= 2.975M lbs of milk/week
2/ Milk producers are paid by "hundredweight" (cwt).

The current class III price is $18.66/cwt of milk. Image
3/ So the gross revenues of the farm per week are:
2.975M / 100 x $18.66
= $555,135/week

The breakeven price
i.e. Gross revenue - Input Costs = 0
is between $17 & $21.
Read 7 tweets
Céline Gounder, MD, ScM, FIDSA 🇺🇦 Profile picture
May 10
1/ #H5N1 news today 📢📢📢

@USDA has announced an indemnification program for dairy farms to be based on the amount of milk🥛 lost from cows🐄 sick with H5N1.
2/ @USDA will also offer farmers support for biosecurity measures on the farm:
🔹to protect against potential spread between animals 🐄 & humans🧑‍🌾: PPE &/or outerwear laundering services
🔹to make biosecurity plans
🔹to pasteurize milk🥛 before disposal
3/ @USDA will also offer farmers support for biosecurity measures on the farm (continued):
🔹to offset costs of veterinary care for sick cattle🐄
🔹to offset costs of shipping samples for testing🧪
Read 15 tweets
Céline Gounder, MD, ScM, FIDSA 🇺🇦 Profile picture
May 9
1/ The @US_FDA is taking precautions in case the H5N1 bird flu starts spreading from person-to-person, possibly igniting an epidemic/pandemic.

with @CBSNews @AMGreenCBS

cbsnews.com/video/fda-prep…
2/ Long before the COVID pandemic, infectious disease experts like me have worried about the possibility of an influenza pandemic.

The 1918 flu pandemic, which is estimated to have killed 50 to 100 million people worldwide, is one of the deadliest in human history.
3/ H5N1 bird flu viruses have long given us pause, our leading candidates for the next big flu pandemic.

They were first detected in poultry in China in 1996 & quickly spread throughout the region.
Read 17 tweets
Céline Gounder, MD, ScM, FIDSA 🇺🇦 Profile picture
Apr 29
1/ H5N1 bird flu candidate vaccine viruses have been identified:
(jump to 1:33)
🔹2 are "well-matched" to H5N1 infecting dairy cattle
🔹but how "well-matched" are they really? this conclusion is based on ferret dataastho.org/education/hpai…Image
2/
 🔹Candidate vaccine viruses are used to make antigen (i.e. the target you want the immune system to see) for vaccines.
🔹Adjuvant has also been stockpiled.
🔹Adjuvants help strengthen the immune response to antigen in vaccines. Image
3/
🔹100s of thousands of doses of candidate antigen + adjuvant have been manufactured for use in clinical studies.
🔹2 safety/immunogenicity studies are being conducted.
🔹@ASPRgov is working with @US_FDA & industry to figure out a regulatory pathway for the use of these doses.
Read 4 tweets
Céline Gounder, MD, ScM, FIDSA 🇺🇦 Profile picture
Apr 29
1/ There are still lots of unanswered questions re: H5N1 bird flu

🔹How quickly is the virus mutating and evolving?

A PB2 E627K mutation was found in the human case in Texas, but not seen in birds or cows.
(1:04:50)astho.org/education/hpai…
2/ The PB2 E627K mutation has been seen in other human cases of H5N1.

It is one step towards mammalian (but NOT human) adaptation in experimental studies. (h/t @RickABright)
3/ The PB2 E627K mutation may have developed in the human Texas case.

It has not been seen in Texas dairy cattle or birds, nor in wild birds or poultry.
Read 8 tweets
Céline Gounder, MD, ScM, FIDSA 🇺🇦 Profile picture
Apr 25
1/ Stemming the spread of H5N1 bird flu
🔹The federal government is ramping up testing of dairy cows
🔹Cows will now have to be tested before being transferred to another state
🔹H5N1 viral fragments detected in grocery store milk
🔹The risk to humans remains low at this time
2/ Remember PCR tests from COVID?

They can be positive even after you’ve recovered because they’re picking up dead virus.

Some PCR tests on pasteurized milk from grocery stores have come back positive for bird flu... but that could just be dead virus.
3/ Pasteurization has worked for over a hundred years to protect consumers from bacteria and viruses.

There’s no reason to think pasteurization won’t also work to kill the bird flu virus, but scientists are confirming that with testing anyway.
Read 16 tweets

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