IMO, the Steem attack is without doubt the most important event in the history of blockchains, yet most people have forgotten. I won't go into details, but here's what I learned:

1) Token distribution is critical in proof-of-stake networks - attack could have been avoided

1/4
2) All stake in CEXs is compromised and can be used for coordinate attacks
3) Inclusive accountability is also critical - this attack could have been avoided had there been a culture of non-block-producing users running nodes
4) Delegators are apathetic, they won't defend

2/4
5) Stakeholders don't necessarily act in their own best interests
6) Social coordination works, but it comes at a steep cost
7) Newer protocols are more resilient, but a repeat of this is not impossible - particularly for chains with weaker economic security

3/4
I have been greatly disappointed by the industry's wanton disregard for security & decentralization over the years, even by top influencers and researchers I had previously respected. I can only conclude - maybe I'm just paranoid, and this space is not for me.

4/4

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More from @epolynya

Jan 31
All of this is true:

- Mature rollups can 100% inherit security
- Early beta rollups can still share security, but have other risks
- It's pragmatic for large validator sets to converge on a few chains
- Some applications are fine with lower security and small validator sets
Also, it's important to note that "rollups" are a type of construction with wildly different designs and implementations. We have to examine each rollup independently to determine how resilient they are today, and what their future roadmap looks like.
Read 5 tweets
Jan 27
Seeing FUD that "rollups only scale compute". Not true, rollups and DAS scale compute, storage IOPS, storage size and bandwidth - the whole deal.

Compute: this one is established and undisputed. How much depends on the rollup's design, but let's say ~100x vs L1s.

(contd.)
The greatest trick rollups pull off is actually data:

- Converting complex state (SSD) to sequential DATA (HDD).

- Compressing this sequential data heavily.

As an example, the baseline transaction on L1s is ~128 bytes, and complex DeFi transactions can be hundreds of bytes.
Meanwhile, dYdX transactions are only 5.35 bytes, and the baseline is 16 bytes. Furthermore, instead of XXX bytes on expensive SSDs, you only need X or XX bytes on very cheap HDDs. Altogether, this is a 100x to 1,000x boost in data efficiency.

But wait! There's data sharding!
Read 7 tweets
Jan 20
With recursive rollups / L3s the blockchain industry moves one step closer to the endgame. But I see too few talking about the elephant in the room:

Moving StarkEx to StarkNet would make StarkNet arguably the biggest smart contract platform after Ethereum, > alt-L1s.

(contd)
Today, StarkEx:

1) Immutable X mints and trades more NFTs than any other chain. In terms of $ volumes, OpenSea on Ethereum is still dominant, of course.

2) dYdX has the highest volumes of any dapp, with the second highest protocol revenues of any dapp after OpenSea.
Sorare raised $700M last year with >250,000 active users and growing fast, DeversiFi is an awesome spot DEX, and we have new players like Connext and @socol_io (if "SimpDAOs" are the next big thing, it'll all happen here!) joining the StarkEx fray.
Read 5 tweets
Jan 19
Casual 30% few days ago, another 30% now; 50% with Arbitrum Nitro. Rollups are advancing rapidly. Over the course of 2022, rollups will mature to a point that'll make monolithic L1s look like DINOsaurs. Enjoy the ride while it lasts, the parks won't be endorsed.
Final form won't happen till 2023/24 and beyond. It's just that monolithic L1s have set such a bottom barrel low bar it'll be easy for rollups to flip that.

Keep building, rollup teams, you're doing awesome work! Reason shall prevail.
Read 4 tweets
Jan 9
An opportune reminder for why I think it'll take till 2023 for smart contract rollups to be a mature endgame solution for the blockchain industry, and what remains to be implemented:

- Decentralized contract upgradeability
- Decentralized sequencing & proving

(contd.)
- Data compression (applies to ORs, most ZKRs have this)
- Battle-testing novel ZK primitives
- Scalable DA layers
- Applications optimized for rollups
- ASIC provers (ZKRs)
- Recursive proofs
- General battle-testing, exiting beta
- State management (eg. expiry)

(contd.)
Most importantly, infrastructure for end users to run light clients (see: Durin for Ethereum), or even stateless rollup full nodes; have easy access to L1 transaction submissions or escape mechanisms, for truly equivalent security to L1.

All of this will take time.
Read 7 tweets
Jan 8
This is the best argument against full modularity yet: reddit.com/r/ethereum/com…

@aliatiia_ has also made some of these arguments before.

Justin Drake argues for what I have previously called a "modular L1" as the ideal architecture in favour of a "fully modular" system.
What's a "modular L1?" - implementing rollups and data sharding, but all of these are enshrined within one protocol with one consensus. So, the rollups are all part of the L1. (I've previously called this "canonical rollups")

Thus, the ideal architecture is actually starting with the most secure & liquid L1, build rollups and enshrine them into the L1, alongside a scalable DA layer. Alternatively, build a new modular L1 and see if it can gain security before the incumbent builds rollups & data shards.
Read 7 tweets

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