10-K Diver Profile picture
Feb 5, 2022 19 tweets 8 min read Read on X
1/

What can horse racing teach us about value investing?

This was the topic we discussed in our latest Money Concepts episode.

Here's the full ~1.5 hour recording. If that seems too long, scroll down for some key insights and short highlights!

Link: callin.com/link/iOmfhLZitI
2/

Steven Crist is highly skilled at betting onvv and profiting from horse races.

He's written a book chapter -- Crist On Value. It's 13 pages long.

Prof. Michael Mauboussin (@mjmauboussin), whom I greatly admire, has called this "the best 13 pages on value investing".
3/

You can get this book chapter (for free, as a PDF) here:

Link: hvst.com/posts/value-an…
4/

To fully appreciate the insights in this chapter, you need to know a little bit about:

- Probability,
- Horse Racing, and
- Expectations Investing.

In this thread, I'll help you understand some of these fundamental concepts.
5/

Key Insight #1

We should learn the distinction between Investing and Speculation/Gambling.

*Investing* is all about:

- Doing the work,
- Spotting mis-priced opportunities -- ie, discrepancies between *price* and *value*, and
- Intelligently betting on these opportunities.
6/

Here's a section from Buffett's 2013 letter that I found very useful in understanding the distinction between *Investing* and *Speculation/Gambling*:

As usual, Buffett's articulation is clear and spot on:
7/

This "value investing" philosophy can be practiced in many places -- in financial markets, at the horse races, at poker and blackjack tables, in sports betting, etc.

And "investors" from all these different disciplines can learn from one another:
8/

Key Insight #2

As investors, we should strive to master the basics of probability.

No investment is a 100% guarantee.

Whenever we buy a stock, we are making a probabilistic bet.

Our portfolio is a collection of such bets.
9/

Thus, understanding the fundamentals of probability can help us manage our portfolios for the long term without taking undue risk.

Plus, probability is such a delightful subject to learn -- just for its own sake!

(h/t @jposhaughnessy)
10/

So, how exactly do we go about learning probability?

I suggest a 2-step process.

Step 1. Read non-technical books (like those by @nntaleb and @AnnieDuke) to get acquainted with the big key ideas -- conditional probability, survival, base rates, etc.
11/

And Step 2: Take a probability textbook (or a book of probability puzzles) and work through all the examples and exercise problems in it.

This will concretize our understanding of the ideas from Step 1, and improve our numerical fluency in applying them.
12/

Key Insight #3

Expectations Investing

Whether we're betting on stocks or horses, we're participating in a kind of "parimutuel" system.

In such situations, out-sized profits come NOT from finding *winners*, but from finding *mis-priced bets*.

(h/t @mjmauboussin)
13/

An example of how "Expectations Investing" may play out in practice, in the stock market:
14/

And here's Steven Crist, outlining how Expectations Investing plays a very similar role in horse races as well:
15/

Key Insight #4

Investors should seek to minimize overheads as much as possible.

In a horse race, this may be the racetrack's "takeout".

In financial markets, this may be transaction costs, advisor fees, capital gains taxes, loss of purchasing power due to inflation, etc.
16/

Key Insight #5

Sometimes, "exotic" bets may be more mis-priced than "ordinary" bets.

With horses, this may be an exacta/trifecta.

With stocks, it may be a pairs trade/options strategy.

We shouldn't disregard a bet just because it looks complicated. It may be lucrative.
17/

Key Insight #6

While porting over lessons from one discipline and applying them to another, it's important to be conscious of fundamental differences between the two disciplines.

For example, *horse racing* may be a *negative* sum game ...
18/

Whereas *investing in stocks* may be *positive* sum (at least, for long-term investors).
19/

About Money Concepts

We're a virtual investing club. Our goal is to help each other become better investors.

We meet Sundays at 1pm ET via @getcallin, to discuss all things investing.

Join us. Get the app. Subscribe. Tell your friends.

It's FREE.

callin.com/show/money-con…

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More from @10kdiver

Jan 1, 2023
1/

Get a cup of coffee.

In this thread, I'll walk you through "Gambler's Ruin".

This is a classic exercise in probability theory.

But going beyond the math, this exercise can teach us a lot about life, business, and investing.
2/

In my mind, Gambler's Ruin is the math of "David vs Goliath" ("Skill vs Size") type situations.

Here, David is a "small" player. He only has limited resources. But he's very skilled.

Pitted against David is Goliath -- a "big" player who has MORE resources but LESS skill.
3/

The battle between David and Goliath rages on for several "rounds".

Each round has a "winner" -- either David or Goliath.

David -- because of his superior skill -- has a higher probability of winning any individual round. That's David's advantage over Goliath.
Read 32 tweets
Dec 11, 2022
1/

Get a cup of coffee.

In this thread, we'll explore the question:

As investors, how often should we check stock prices?

To answer this, we'll draw on key ideas and concepts from many different fields -- probability, information theory, psychology, etc.
2/

Imagine we have a stock: ABC, Inc.

Every day that the market is open, our stock either:

- Goes UP 1%, or
- Goes DOWN 1%.

For simplicity, let's say these are the only 2 possible outcomes on any given trading day.
3/

Suppose we think ABC is a "good" investment.

That is, the company has a wide moat, good returns on capital, decent growth prospects, etc. And the stock trades at a reasonable price.

So, we buy the stock -- expecting to make a very good return on it. Say, ~15% per year.
Read 40 tweets
Oct 23, 2022
1/

Get a cup of coffee.

In this thread, I'll walk you through 2 key portfolio diversification principles:

(i) Minimizing correlations, and
(ii) Re-balancing intelligently.

You don't need Markowitz's portfolio theory or the Kelly Criterion to understand these concepts. Image
2/

Imagine we have a stock: ABC Inc. Ticker: $ABC.

The good thing about ABC is: in 4 out of 5 years (ie, with probability 80%), the stock goes UP 30%.

But the *rest* of the time -- ie, with probability 20%, or in 1 out of 5 years -- the stock goes DOWN 50%.
3/

We have no way to predict in advance which years will be good and which will be bad.

So, let's say we just buy and hold ABC stock for a long time -- like 25 years.

The question is: what return are we most likely to get from ABC over these 25 years?
Read 23 tweets
Sep 11, 2022
1/

Get a cup of coffee.

In this thread, I'll walk you through the P/E Ratio.

Why do some companies trade at 5x earnings and others trade at 50x earnings?

When I first started investing, this was hard for me to understand.

So, let me break it down for you.
2/

Imagine we have 2 companies, A and B.

Let's say both companies will earn $1 per share next year.

And both companies will also GROW their earnings at the SAME rate: 10% per year. Every year. Forever.
3/

Suppose A trades at a (forward) P/E Ratio of 10. So, each share of A costs $10.

And B trades at a P/E Ratio of 15. So, each share of B costs $15.

Which is the better long term investment: A or B?
Read 31 tweets
Sep 4, 2022
1/

Get a cup of coffee.

In this thread, I'll walk you through a fundamental business concept that may be counter-intuitive to some of you:

Just because a business has made $1 of PROFIT, it does NOT mean the business's owners have $1 of CASH to pocket.
2/

To understand why, let's start with how PROFIT is defined.

PROFIT = SALES - COSTS

That is, we take all sales (or revenues) the company made during a quarter or year.

We back out all costs incurred during this period.

That leaves us with profits.

Seems straightforward.
3/

Here's the problem:

The way a "lay person" understands words like SALES and COSTS is completely different from the way an *accountant* uses these same words.

These discrepancies can create enormous confusion.
Read 20 tweets
Aug 28, 2022
1/

Get a cup of coffee.

In this thread, I'll walk you through a framework that I call "Lindy vs Turkey".

This is a super-useful set of ideas for investors.

Time and again, these ideas have helped me think more clearly about the LONGEVITY of the companies in my portfolio.
2/

Imagine we're buying shares in a company -- ABC Inc.

ABC is a very simple company. It earns $1 per share every year. These earnings don't grow over time.

And ABC returns all its earnings back to its owners -- by issuing a $1/share dividend at the end of each year.
3/

Suppose we buy ABC shares for $5 a share.

That's a P/E ratio of 5.

We know we get back $1/year as a dividend.

So, for us to NOT lose money, ABC should survive AT LEAST 5 more years.

If something happens and ABC DIES before then, we'll likely lose money.
Read 32 tweets

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