Emma Hilton Profile picture
Feb 21, 2022 12 tweets 4 min read Read on X
This is your regular reminder that I am not an entomologist and I do not study beetles.

My handle is derived from a quote about creationism and I research human genetics and genetic disorders, including one that kills males.

Here is a motor neuron I grew in a dish.
I do not study cool things like…

Jewel beetles. Studies of their iridescence (like liquid crystals) has helped paint chemists. It’s also surprisingly good camo (expt: attach bright or dull wings to mealworms and see which get eaten by birds…).
Dung beetles. They roll crap around all day. Their immune systems are a source of some interest.
Whirligig beetles. They have a tight turning circle for an inflexible body. Boat people are intrigued. London cabbies look smugly on.
Bombardier beetles. Toxic explosions of liquid from their tummy. Apparently, they might inform the design of fire extinguishers and nebulisers, but we’re all thinking jet packs, right?
Namibian desert beetles. How we might harvest water from thin air. Note: not by licking them. I don’t think.
Spanish fly. Beetlejuice. Juice for men, if you get my meaning.
Remote-control search-and-rescue beetle. Enough said.
I wish I studied beetles 😂

Source: popularmechanics.com/science/animal…
And how do beetles become male or female?

Well, it was in a beetle species that Nettie Stevens discovered the XY chromosome system.

vox.com/platform/amp/2…
And a key gene in beetle sex determination is called doublesex.

Males have a long form and females have a short form of doublesex.

The short, female form is made by the action of a protein called transformer.

Or TRA for short.

That is, TRA can convert male>female.
And a final beetle sex fact.

A male flour beetle will ‘mate’ with another. Maybe so when this second male mates with a female, he actually contributes the first male’s sperm. Or the first male is clearing out the old before he finds his own female.

Anyway, here you go.

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More from @FondOfBeetles

Jun 2
Let’s address what many consider an uncomfortable topic.

Here, Bunce argues that Khelif was “condemned on her looks”.

That’s not true.
People argued that Khelif appears to be male.

They may not have always been as polite as Bunce’s sensitivities required, but this is not “condemning” someone “on their looks”.

It’s noting that Khelif looks male/masculinised/(a man, if you prefer), and raising urgent alarms about what that means in boxing.Image
Sportswomen are no strangers to being called “men”. It’s an ugly, misogynistic way to attack gender-nonconforming women.

Tall women, lesbian women, women with short hair and no makeup.
Read 16 tweets
May 31
I don't think this is The Solution, but I'm generally in favour of weighing up proposals, so let's look at this one.

California high school sports have proposed to protect girls and accommodate trans-identified boys as follows:

If a male athlete gets a medal, the displaced female athlete also gets her medal.

Some thoughts to follow, chewing the fat for open discussion...
An example of finish places and medals under this scheme might look like this:

1st William-now-Lia 🥇
2nd Helen 🥇
3rd Sarah 🥈
4th Catherine 🥉

So on the face of it, the top three girls get their rightful medals. Presumably this is how CIF say they are protecting those girls.
That is, to rephrase the original proposal:

The top three girls are medalled in order, and any boy that is good enough to finish in this female competitive window gets a place-matched medal.

This rephrasing shows the flaws.
Read 10 tweets
Apr 25
This is a computer-generated series, transitioning between "hyper male" and "hyper female".

Where does your perception of the sex of the person shift?
Which face is the most ambiguous?

If you reply, please include your sex (the actual one). Image
OK, in the paper, the data was:

Faces 1-3: 100>97% scored "male"
Faces 5-7: 94>100% scored "female"
Face 4 was the transition face, with 68% scoring it "male".

FTR, I didn't hesitate on 4/male then 5/female.
Next set: same series, now skinned 🤣

I won't ask for responses. It is probably obvious that people were less able to detect any sharp transition from male>female, from face-on bone structure.

Note to archeologists: this doesn't mean you can't tell a male from female face, so stop pretending you can't.Image
Read 7 tweets
Apr 4
This is the menstrual cycle.

Trans-identified males do not have one. Image
This is the uterus, from which we bleed.

Trans-identified males do not have one. Image
During a period, prostaglandins trigger uterine contractions, causing cramps.

Trans-identified males do not have them. Image
Read 8 tweets
Mar 27
People with 5ARD are male, not female

In defence of Semenya et al, many argue:
1. athletes with 5ARD are female;
2. features associated with 5ARD are normal female variation;
3. these athletes should be included in female sports.

The first claim is incoherent.Image
To understand 5ARD, let's look at healthy reproductive development.

Both male and female development are well-understood. Image
Male development
1. Y chromosome carrying functional SRY that directs testes development
2. testes produce hormones, notably testosterone (T)
3. T first drives male internal genitalia development
4. T>DHT conversion drives male external genital development
Read 20 tweets
Mar 26
“Sex screening in athletes is racist!”

Why? Really struggling with this.

In our recent paper (cited by World Athletics @sebcoe) calling for the reintroduction of sex screening in the female category, we make it very clear that this type of screening must be:

1. Cohort-wide | performed in all athletes wishing to enter the female category, regardless of skin colour, religion, nationality etc.

2. Early | to protect privacy and dignity, and avoid athletes being front-page news.

With these parameters in mind, the sex screen itself cannot be considered “racist”.

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.11…
Citing historic ethical issues won’t wash. We all acknowledge these. Early, cohort-wide screening will avoid the failures of the past.

So the cry of “racism” must be aimed elsewhere, presumably anchored on the premise that previous targeted screening (which is precisely what I and others advocate against) brought multiple black athletes and very few white athletes to our front pages.
Now, let’s grant that and think about what that means.

The charge against me and others is that we are “policing sex” in a way that excludes black women (when measured against “white femininity”).

My friends, I am here to tell you that I - an adult human female with white skin - am precisely the same quality and amount of female as any adult human female with black skin.

Black women aren’t female by some weird voodoo. They are women in precisely the same way as white women are women.

In fact, it starts to look a bit racist on your part to suggest that black women aren’t women in the same way as white women are women.

Ironic, huh?
Read 8 tweets

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