Carl Zha Profile picture
Mar 19, 2022 9 tweets 4 min read Read on X
I have heard the current world system compared to Warring States Era China.

Hear me out: US is Jin because there’s no way it will stays an unitary state after losing its power

Jin State for the most of Spring and Autumn Era (770-476 BCE) was the Hegemon of the alliance of Central Plain States 诸夏 because it was the largest of the Central Plain states and occupied most productive region.

Jin led Central Plain states agst Chu, largest state in S China
Chu was the largest state and very powerful but was seen as not quite part of civilized Chinese states 诸夏.

Chu ruler declared himself King and 蛮(Man) Barbarian placing Chu outside of pale of civilized world where Son of Heaven, King of Zhou Dynasty ruled supreme (in theory)
Northward expansion of Chu Kingdom created lot of pressure on Central Plain states to band together under a Hegemon, Qi State.

Duke Huan of Qi led the Alliance under the banner 尊王攘夷 Respect the King, Expel the Barbarian (Chu)!

But Qi fell into chaos after Duke Huan's death
Decline of Qi state and seemly unstoppable rise of Chu, gave more centrally located Jin State opportunity to rally Central Plain states against Chu and became the next Hegemon.
But series of succession crisis led the Jin ruler to prune the royal line. Power fell into hands of several noble families who gradually became more powerful than Jin ruler

Eventually Zhao, Wei and Han Clans split up Jin into 3 states. Warring States era began
Wei state almost managed to conquer Han and Zhao and thus unify frmer Jin. But Qi state will not allow such powerful state to emerge again and militarily intervened. Fighting 2 front war agst Qin and Qi wore down Wei military power.

This allowed rise of Qin in the west
State of Qin, on the peripheral of the civilized Central Plain states, hold off Wei expansion, expanded to the West and conquered Shu and Ba kingdoms in Sichuan Basin. Double its territory , became a major power. It took Han river valley frm Chu Kingdom.
Suddenly unstoppable.
Qin became so powerful that even when the alliance of other 6 kingdoms banded together couldn't stop its rise.

Qin state exited abt 700 yrs since its founding in 905 BC in Western China. It gave rise to most version of China's name in foreign languages (Sin, Seen, Sina, China)

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More from @CarlZha

Apr 13
In this history thread, I will talk about how the direct ancestor of Miss Russia 2011 Natalia Gantimurova led to the 1st China Russia border war and Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689.

Her ancestor Gantimur was a Tungus tribal chief who got caught up in Russian and Qing expansion 🧵
Image
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Russian Cossacks' pursuit of fur brought them deep into Siberia Taiga in 17th century. Like Viking before them, they expanded their control via navigable rivers. They're also looking a trade route to China. Oriat Mongols they encountered told them of a Bogda Khagan (Heaven Khan) Image
Cossacks crossed Lake Baikal into Dauria or the land of Daur (people). Mongol Tüsheet Khan ruled Dauria. But Dzungar ruler Galdan Boshugtu Khan defeated Tüsheet Khan along w other Khans of Outer Mongolia, driven them to Inner Mongolia to seek protection of Qing Empire Image
Read 16 tweets
Mar 25
188cm Ukrainian cosplayer Karina at Hangzhou ad02 animation expo. Her fanbase mostly young Chinese women.

She became a cosplayer aft moving to China w her Chinese husband, gained 3.5million Douyin fans. Her husband cheated on her then drowned in Bali's Kuta Beach last Nov on his birthday during their vacation together. Her fans are glad that she seems to be doing ok now.
Karina actually became famous for cosplaying male characters. She towers over her now dead husband who's only 183cm.

Her hubby had responded to how they did photoshoot in which he appeared taller.

He cheated on her while she was pregnant. They made up just before Bali vacation and his drowning death. Karina said she tried to save him but the wave was too strong
Karina actually became famous for cosplaying male characters. She towers over her now dead husband who's only 183cm.

Her hubby had responded to how they did photoshoot in which he appeared taller.

He cheated on her while she was pregnant. They made up just before Bali vacation and his drowning death. Karina said she tried to save him but the wave was too strong
Read 11 tweets
Feb 19
Ethiopian Chinese baby. Father works for a shoe factory.

Many Chinese textile and shoe factories moved to Africa to go around the US imposed quota on Chinese manufactured goods and take advantage of The African Growth and Opportunity Act which provides duty-free treatment to goods of designated sub-Saharan African countries (SSAs)
Chinese comments on the Douyin video: "Does your shoe factories still need people?"

Many thirsty single men in China
Salary day at a Chinese textile factory in Ethiopia.

Chinese factories off-shored to Africa employ mostly local African workers with a small managerial staff send from China.

Made in Ethiopian goods will sell to the US and EU market without facing restrictions on Chinese goods
Read 4 tweets
Jan 23
Emperor Yongzheng (1722-1735) cosplaying as a French nobleman hunting tiger with traditional Chinese trident.

Yongzheng had commissioned many painting of him dressing variously as Han literati, Mongol/Turkic prince, Tibetan lama. They are collectively called 雍正行乐图 literally Yongzheng's fun pictures.Image
Yongzheng as a Turkic (Uyghur) prince. The robe is made from atlas silk produced in Xinjiang Image
Yongzheng as a Mongol noble Image
Read 9 tweets
Jan 21
Immediately after Opium War, Chinese tried to reverse-engineer Western technologies. They build models of steam engines. But they couldn't reproduce in industrial scale because China didn't have developed technical drawings. so work couldn't be quickly replicated.

Chinese illustration of steam locomotive in 1843, right after First Opium WarImage
Lack of developed technical drawing tradition had been a problem back in 1600s when Chinese tried to reverse-engineer European machinery.

side by side comparison between European illustration from 1607 with Chinese illustration of the same in 1627.

Result is that while Chinese could reverse-engineer European machinery at small scale in workshops but couldn't scale the production because the drawing not detailed enough for others to replicate the machineImage
The larger issue is systematic adoption of science and scientific education in Europe that was missing in China. So while Europe didn't surpass China in living standards til after 1750s, roots of the First Industrial Revolution and Great Divergence was much deeper.
Read 6 tweets
Aug 11, 2023
I agree Guns, Germs and Steel's main problems are its lazy research and bad history.

Its section on China is totally laughable. There're much better explanations why the West overtaken China in late 18th century.

Tonio Andrade's The Gunpowder Age for example made a good case… https://t.co/g4IZCDnpc8twitter.com/i/web/status/1…
China invented the world's 1st guns during the vicious wars between Jin and Song Dynasty.

During Mongol conquest, Mongol army would spread gunpowered weapons to Middle East where it would go on to spread to Europe Image
Mongol Yuan Dynasty united warring kingdoms of China for the 1st time since the collapse of Tang Dynasty.

Even after Mongol rulers retreated back to Mongolia, China enjoyed long period of stablity under Ming and Qing Dynasty. Image
Read 8 tweets

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