isaac Samuel Profile picture
Apr 28 4 tweets 2 min read
an unusual portuguese figure from 18th century benin

he is given edo attributes like
-larger than life proportion of the head
-large eyes with outlined pupils
-a patterned hat
-an unusual sitting posture

despite his european features, he is unlike his peers below 👇🏾
#randomxt Image
his head is enlarged and has heavily outlined eyes & pupils <accentuated gaze> that are typical of benin art, but quite unlike benin's depictions of Portuguese with small eyes and proportionate heads
although he has the typical rendering of European facial features (nose & beard)
his unique patterned hat with a knotted rope around its rim (rather than the usual helmet shown on Portuguese figures 👇🏾) and the seating posture (reserved for edo dignitaries versus the usually standing/crouching portuguese) may indicate his higher status from his peers Image
the figure is dated to the 18th cent and is at the met (number 1991.17.31)

i didn't include it in this article b'se i thought i could find another source describing it besides kate erza's brief note; pg 69 in "Royal Art of Benin"

isaacsamuel.substack.com/p/the-evolving…

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More from @rhaplord

Apr 30
re-reading Bruce Hall's "race in Muslim west Africa"
he may have taken too many liberties with environmental determinism

the Sahara's expansion alone can't explain the increasing power of the Arabo-berber groups in the west of Niger, versus their very reduced power east of Niger ImageImage
2nd pic from A. Holl's "Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements"

many attribute the hassaniya-arab conquest of Mauritania to desert expansion
but the opposite happened in chad/sudan where the arabs were subordinate in kanem, darfur, wadai and bagirmi despite being themajority Image
James L. A. Webb's "Desert Frontier" popularized this theory of the growing desert leading hassaniya-arab groups pushing berbers south who pushed the sedentary black-west african groups south as well

*reminds me of NGOs reducing farmer-herder conflicts to "climate change" Image
Read 4 tweets
Apr 29
3rd-10th century

equestrian figure of a high-ranking rider from the little-known Bura civilization, south-east of the city of Gao in Niger

-Universite Abdou Moumouni de Niamey

#randomxt ImageImage
robin law argued convincingly against the use of mounted soldiers in African armies before the introduction of all three horse-equipment; bridles (with bits), stirrups and saddles (before 1200s)
but he notes that the bridles were in used early

horsebits from the Bura 300-1000AD Image
its unfortunate that the original sculpture, which would have been just under a meter tall, isn't well preserved

Excavation of Bura-Asinda-Sikka, Niger, 1985 Image
Read 4 tweets
Apr 27
icymi

"From an African artistic monument to a Museum loot: A history of the 16th century Benin bronze plaques."
The manufacture, function and interpretation of an African masterpiece

isaacsamuel.substack.com/p/from-an-afri…
The Benin bronze plaques are among the most celebrated works of African art in the world

the rulers of Benin Kingdom commissioned monumental works of art as an expression of their power and a repository of Benin's history
isaacsamuel.substack.com/p/from-an-afri…
The over 1,000 bronze plaques are the most distinctive of the Benin corpus; depicting scenes of medieval courtly life
their violent theft and distribution to western institutions in 1897 has complicated interpretations of their historical significance
isaacsamuel.substack.com/p/from-an-afri…
Read 27 tweets
Jan 30
My article:

"Morocco, Songhai, Bornu and the quest to create an African empire to rival the Ottomans.
An ambitious sultan's dream of a Trans-Atlantic, Trans-Saharan empire"

-Diplomacy, assassins, conquest and disintergration

isaacsamuel.substack.com/p/morocco-song…
when the triumphant Ottoman armies tore through north Africa, reaching the empires of Morocco and Kanem

An ambitious African king devised a plan to counter the Ottomans by creating an empire of his own; one that would span the Sahara & the Atlantic

isaacsamuel.substack.com/p/morocco-song…
the 1,000 miles of barren desert has for long been perceived as a barrier separating “north Africa” from “sub-saharan Africa”
but from the 11th to the 16th cent, states on either side crossed the Sahara and established some of the world's largest empires
isaacsamuel.substack.com/p/morocco-song…
Read 21 tweets
Jan 29
16th cent. western Africa was dominated by the empires of Kanem, Songhai & Morocco but the Ottoman threat radically altered this political landscape

my next article is about an ambitious ruler who hoped to create an African empire to rival the ottomans and how his plans faltered
in response to a request of fealty from Ottoman emperor Suleiman i to the Moroccan sultan Muhammad al-Shaykh, the latter said: “I will only respond to the sultan of fishing boats when I reach Cairo"

few weeks later, assassins crawled into his tent and sent his head to Istanbul
in response to a request of tribute from Moroccan sultan Ahmad to Songhai emperor askiya Ishaq, the latter said : "the Ahmad who would hear news of such an agreement was not he and the Ishaq who would hear such a proposition had not yet been born"
Read 4 tweets
Jan 5
this reads much alike Roderick McIntosh on west-Africa's "alternative polities" and cities without citadels

on the apparent archeological invisibility of some of the features of the early states mentioned in external sources about west Africa

smithsonianmag.com/history/archae…
land of alternative polities ...

on the senegambia megaliths:

"Rare to nonexistent are discrete villages, much less ruins of state capitals or elite dwellings,
but everywhere one sinks an excavation unit and carefully sifts for evidence, one finds a low "background noise"
Phantom capitals and small scale societies ...

on the ever elusive capitals of the ghana and mali empires, and the small scale societies of the tellem in bandiagara
Read 5 tweets

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