During Reconstruction, the Constitution finally became a document that people could cite in arguments for equality.
14th Amend., ratified in 1868, demanded equal protection of the laws & due process of law for all people. It authorized Congress to enforce these principles. 2/7
But soon after its enactment, SCOTUS interpreted the 3 Reconstruction Amend's (13th, 14th, 15th) extremely narrowly & Congress retreated from its commitment to use them to protect Black people & democracy itself from white supremacist terror & fraud. 3/7 zinnedproject.org/materials/they…
One major example:
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 rested on the principles of the 14th Amendment.
It prohibited racial discrimination in access to public facilities, accommodations, and transportation.
. . . in 1883, SCOTUS struck down the 1875 Civil Rights Act.
"The world has never witnessed such barbarous laws entailed upon a free people as have grown out of the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, issued Oct. 15, 1883." -- Henry McNeal Turner 5/7
In an 8-1 decision, SCOTUS refuted the constitutional right to equal protection & cleared a path for Jim Crow that reached well into 20th century.
Constitutional rights HAVE been taken away before.
Howard Zinn wrote in 2005: "It would be naïve to depend on SCOTUS to. . . 6/7
. . . defend the rights of poor people, women, people of color, dissenters of all kinds. Those rights only come alive when citizens organize, protest, demonstrate . . . to uphold justice." #HowardZinn100 7/7
Earlier that month, Rev. Lee spoke at Regional Council of Negro Leadership convening in all-Black town of Mound Bayou.
Journalist Simeon Booker of Jet, observed how Lee’s “down-home dialogue and his sense of political timing” had “electrified” the crowd. zinnedproject.org/materials/shoc…
The sheriff claimed Rev. Lee died in a car accident & that the lead pellets that filled his face from shotgun buckshot were "dental fillings torn loose by impact of the crash."
In fact, he was murdered by white supremacists who were protected by "law enforcement." #TeachTruth
#tdih 1905 Robert Abbott founded "Chicago Defender" -- goal: “American Race Prejudice Must Be Destroyed.”
Paper had a national audience and a major influence on Great Migration, culture, & the struggle for civil and human rights. Read ⬇️& see @blackpastzinnedproject.org/news/tdih/chic…
In articles, lessons, textbooks, podcasts about 20th century, they often identify "Black press" but otherwise report on "the press."
The "white press" or "corporate media" should also be named as such.
We recommend the documentary "The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords" by @StanleyNelson1 via California Newsreel.
Any study of U.S. history should include central, critical role of Black press, & the constant threats and attacks by white supremacists. zinnedproject.org/materials/sold…
When teaching Memphis Massacre, start with freedpeople who built schools, churches, homes.
#tdih May 1-3,1866, white civilians & police killed, with impunity, 46 African-Americans & injured many more, while burning houses, schools, & churches.
"What is often left out of the discussion of Reconstruction is a true and complete account of this violence. If students and scholars want to know truth about this time period . . . study testimony of Blacks and their white allies." via @S_L_Alexander
Read about history of Reconstruction in this national report, "Erasing the Black Freedom Struggle: How State Standards Fail to Teach the Truth About Reconstruction," on state standards with teaching stories from all 50 states & D.C. (Look up your state.) teachreconstructionreport.org
We recommend the biography below for young readers (middle school and above) about teenager Emily Edmonson who was one of 77 people who bravely attempted to escape slavery in Washington, D.C. on the Pearl schooner. #TeachOutsideTextbook zinnedproject.org/materials/pass…
With Jackie Robinson Day tomorrow (April 15), check out this one minute history lesson by Dave Zirin (@EdgeofSports) on central role of Black athletes in Black Freedom Struggle with a focus on Olympian Wilma Rudolph and her actions in Tennessee.
See more: zinnedproject.org/news/two-year-…
Did you know that in 1944, Jackie Robinson refused to move to back of the bus & was court-martialed?
Read letter he wrote to secretary of war notifying him that if not resolved, he was going to the Black press and NAACP.
This month also marks 60th anniversary of Dodger Stadium.
The Mexican American communities of Palo Verde, La Loma, and Bishop organized to protect their homes, but were forcibly evicted. City official who defended them was red-baited & jailed by HUAC. ⬇️ zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/chav…
BU alum @dcolapinto said: "Labor leaders [like Cesar Chavez] would come to say a few words in solidarity with striking workers. The librarian union and clerical & staff unions joined the faculty strike."
After faculty strike settled, a few (“B.U. Five,” as they came to be known) showed solidarity with ongoing staff & librarian strike by holding classes outside or off-campus. B.U. Pres. John Silber escalated the fight. Read ⬇️by @dcolapinto via @ZinnDigital howardzinn.org/who-were-bosto…