Since 2014 Rheinmetall could not be building Mulino *directly*. They had to "leave" the project to a Russian company, which they would provide with supplies to finish construction. An additional layer was added to this project. And my sources say this layer was stealing too much
According to my sources, the main problem was institutional. Once Rheinmetall could not manage the Mulino construction directly, it was delegated to a Russian company Гарнизон. Which maximised short term profits for its management. That's why it is of lower quality than planned
When discussing sanction policy many underestimate how difficult it is to do stuff. Let's say Putin can't get sth from Europe. "Then he could just buy it through X". No, it's not "just". You can bypass sanctions by adding layers & proxies. But it will be very much more expensive
Furthermore, these layers and proxies are led by sentient and intelligent beings. Who know they have leverage now due to a very peculiar situation. But that can't last for long. What do you do? You maximize your *short term* profits. Often at the cost of quality
That's about the planning horizon. German managers wanted to build a lasting partnership (=long term planning). Russian managers apparently wanted to profit & run. That's why Rheinmetall was interested in building Putin the best training ground in the world and proxies were not
Many see "corruption" as a major institutional problem of Russia. I disagree. (Too wild) "corruption" is a symptom of short term planning. If you know that every decision and regulation can be capriciously overturned at any moment, that you can be preyed upon by Siloviki...
... that Kremlin can give you all the guarantees and still break them, then why would you even plan for a long term? Are you dumb? You just maximize your profit, and store it abroad. You also move your family abroad asap. You move yourself abroad as soon as you can
The elephant in the room is that (most of) Russian administrative-corporate class sees the country more as a hunting ground. Hence the short term planning. So Putin has no choice but to massively rely on foreigners with a culture incentivizing the long term planning. The end
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You could add Russia to the list. Strange it may sound, its pattern of expansion was similar. Except it was potamic rather than oceanic. In this respect it kinda resembled Portugues expansion in what is now Brazil. And yes, Russia struggled to go far away from the rivers, too
Consider the map of Russian admiralties till 1680-1800s. Some of them look "logical" being located at the cost, like in St Petersburg or Arkhangelsk. But Kazan or Voronezh are deep inland. They would build ships there and then go down the river to the sea. Irkutsk is even better
Irkutsk admiralty didn't build ships. But it prepared all the equipment & components for the Okhotsk shipyard. It was a very northern Okhotsk that was the initial Russian stronghold on the Pacific. Alaska was colonised from there. What is now Vladivostok was annexed only in 1850s
In modern Russia the words "musicians" and "orchestra" have acquired new connotations. In war-related materials they serve as references to the "Wagner" mercenary company which fought for Putin in Syria, Central Africa and now in Ukraine
Wagner is founded by Evegeny Prigozhin, a St Petersburg businessman close to Vladimir Putin. Prigozhin either made his fortune in restaurant business or used restaurants as a cover. Later he would organise catering for the Russian leadership, so Prigizhin was called Putin's cook
Wagner company grew big. A list of their job openings from their Vkontakte page. That gives some idea about the idea and variety of equipment they are using. That's a full scale private army vk.com/pmcworld
Daily reminder that Putin's army of invasion was trained on the Rheinmetall-built training centre Mulino. In 2014 they "left" and construction was finished by "Гарнизон" company, probably a proxy. 100% of its imports came from Germany, last Rheinmetall shipments coming in 2019
In 2011 Rheinmetall got a contract for building a training center in Mulino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. They modelled it after the training center of Bundeswehr in Altmark. They planned to build "the most advanced system of its kind worldwide"
Mulino started in 2011 was the high point of Serdyukov's reforms. Two things you must understand about Serdyukov ministry:
1. No other minister of defence made such a big focus on the land army 2. No other minister of defence was so eager to import ready solutions from the West
If you want to understand *modern* Russian culture, don't read 19th c. aristocrats. They're all dead and their world is dead, too. Read the "Twelve Chairs" and "Golden Calf" instead. Picaresques on Ostap Bender's adventures may be two most influential books of the Russian 20th c
And they are certainly the most quotable in normal talk, in every day situations
I think this interpretation may lack cultural context. In Russia an official getting a monetary token of gratitude for allowing the project to proceed is normal. It's called "откат" (something that rolls back). It's not a "bribe", more like tribute. Not demanding откат is unusual
That's why "Serdyukov was ousted for corruption" argument is dumb. It's not "corruption", it's just normal rules of the game. When a high official falls "corruption scandal" is just a pretext. You must charge them with something so you pretend they did a "crime" by taking откат
When Ulyukaev was jailed that was seen as a result of his personal conflict with Igor Sechin. When Serdyukov was fired, this was seen as погорел на бабах. I don't think that either of this interpretations is exhaustive. But those with half a brain know it's not about "corruption"
One point: Draft plays a major role in Russian stealth mobilisation. First you need to get them into army, even as conscripts. Then you force/persuade them to sign a contract and now it's legal to send them to Ukraine
And my earlier comment. Serdyukov tried to modernise the land army, equipping and training it according to the NATO standards (= context for the Rheinmetall story). But he made enemies, was ousted from power and his successor dismantled much of his legacy
The Rheinmetall-built Mulino training center modelled after a Bundeswehr center in Altmark may be the biggest achievement of Serdyukov. No wonder that manoeuvres West-2021 which prepared the Russian land army for Z-invasion opened and closed in Mulino