Chess is a significant part of Muslim history. The game originated in northern India in the 6th century AD & spread to Persia. When the Arabs conquered Persia, chess was taken up by the Muslim world
For #WorldChessDay here is the history of chess & Muslim heritage
A thread...
1/ The Indian ancestor of Chess was called chaturanga, developed in the 6th century AD meaning “4 Members”, it comes from the 4 military divisions of the Indian army: infantry, cavalry, elephantry, & chariotry.
Two women play Chaturanga, c. 1805 — c. 1815 #WorldChessDay
2/ Eventually, the game spread to Persia. After the Islamic Conquest of Persia, the game spread westward & a large portion of the Arabian population began to take up chess where it became known as Shatranj
3/ The conquest of Persia by Islam is known to be the most important development in the history of the game of chess. Historians have accounted for the Muslim world’s relationship with the game of chess as they took chess with them wherever they conquered #WorldChessDay
This nearly complete chess set is one of the earliest extant examples in the world. The pieces are abstract forms: the shah (king) is represented as a throne; the vizier (the equivalent of the queen) is a smaller throne #WorldChessDay
5/ In Arab countries the caliphs popularised chess among Muslim circles. Caliph Harun al-Rashid made chess into a mandatory court activity. He sought out skilled chess players with unusual prowess, for example, the ability to play chess blindfolded #WorldChessDay
6/ Harun al-Rashid would admit these players, despite their economic standing, and present them with riches. This move was translated in the chess move of “queening”: promoting a pawn to the rank of vizier
Saladin al-Ayoubi and Caliph Harun al-Rashid #WorldChessDay
7/ The Charlemagne chess set might just be the most famous chess set in the world. Legend has it that an exquisite set of chessmen was presented to King Charlemagne as a gift from Caliph Harun al-Rashid.
8/ Harun’s successor his son al-Amin (died 813) has an incredible chess tale: At a critical point in the siege of Baghdad by forces loyal to his half-brother al-Ma‘mun, he received a message while playing chess that Baghdad’s capture was imminent
9/ The 2 most famous Abbasid chess masters, al-Lajlaj and al-Suli, appeared in the 10th century. Both are known from extracts of their writings in 2 manuscripts of the Book of Chess: Extracts From the Works of al-Adli, as-Suli & Others, compiled in the 12th century #WorldChessDay
10/ At the Baghdad court, chess was not a silent affair. Players were expected to maintain a witty banter with each other & with spectators. “Chess players employ different kinds of pleasantry & jests designed to astound” wrote the 14th-century historian al-Mas‘udi #WorldChessDay
11/ Buzurgmihr Masters the Game of Chess from the Shahnama Book of Kings ca. 1300–30
How chess was introduced in Iran from India - apparently to avoid paying tribute to the Sasanians the Rajah of India sent an envoy challenging the Iranian ruler to figure out chess #WorldChessDay
12/ After the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula, known today as the countries of Portugal and Spain, the game was introduced into this part of Europe. The Caliphate of Cordoba promoted the culture, education, and sciences–which included chess #WorldChessDay
13/ A Jew and a Muslim playing chess in al-Andalus.
El Libro de los Juegos, 13th century
Historically playing chess has connected cultures and people, as it is based on intellectual challenges and logical skills.
14/ Alfonso X (1221¬–1284), king of Castile, Léon & Galicia, was a Christian patron of translations of Arabic learning.
His Book of Games suggests that chess in 13th century Spain was in transition from the game played in the Middle East & North Africa #WorldChessDay
15/ The game grew to become an essential act of pastime for travelers, helping in the further spread throughout Europe. The first account of the game of chess in Western Europe dates back 1010 A.D.
A Christian and a Muslim playing chess, late 1200s. #WorldChessDay
16/ In the 10th & 11th centuries, chess spread to Russia & Scandinavia from the Middle East with the Norse Volga River trade. Slightly later, chess moved into Italy.
17/ This is a manuscript on chess strategy from 1257CE (655AH), previously owned by the Ottoman Sultan, Bayezid II #WorldChessDay
18/ Vizier Buzurghmihr Showing the Game of Chess to King Khusraw Anushirwan, Turkey, 1525-1575
The central scene here depicts Buzurghmihr showing chess to his shah in a leisurely gathering. Though referencing a tale set in Iran, the scene evokes an Ottoman palace #WorldChessDay
19/ The oldest chess set ever found dates circa 700, made of ivory, from Afrasiab, near Samarkand (Uzbekistan) - a historically important city of Central Asia on the Silk Route, the old trade route between China & the Mediterranean history.chess.free.fr/afrasiab.htm
20/ The Persian term shah for the king chess piece drifted into various languages as the name of the game: scacchi in Italian, schaakspiel in Dutch, Schachspiel in German, shkak in Serbian, skaktafl in Icelandic & éches in French, from which comes chess in English #WorldChessDay
21/ Across localities the shapes of the pieces varied. In Central Asia, for example, the camel sometimes replaced the elephant. Among Tibetans, the lion replaced the king & the tiger replaced the vizier
Mughal Chess Set, the pieces are Indian riders on animals #WorldChessDay
22/ Sänṭäräž ሰንጠረዥ is a regional chess variant played in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Traditionally, the board is not checkered, but marked into squares
18th c. MS painting of Senterej, Mancala & the ancient Egyptian #boardgame Hounds & Jackals credit @DerilloEyob
23/ Chess was popular in Mughal India, a favoured game by Mughal Emperors. This South Indian chess set, 1775-1825 represents the opposing teams through opulent gem set pieces with rubies and emeralds. Sold at Christies for $187,500
24/ An article from "Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly" (1883) called "Living Chess" claims that the Mughal, India emperor, Akbar (1542-1605) supposedly played a game of living chess on the pavement of the Pachisi court at Fatehpur Sikri #WorldChessDay
Today, chess is played all around the globe. We cannot speak of the historical growth of the game of chess without accounting for the role that the Muslim world played in the game that many, know & love today
Arabic calligraphy is the most highly regarded element of Islamic art, as it is the language of Qur’an. The script has the potential for creating ornamental forms
Today, the art of Arabic calligraphy continues. Here are 20 contemporary artists redefining calligraphy
A thread...
1/ Influenced by her British and Pakistani heritage, artist Maaida Noor combines ancient techniques with modern expression. Through her work, she aims to reconnect with nature and spirituality, using harmonious geometries and vibrant colors as her language.
2/ Born in Tehran, @snasernia
began his career primarily as a calligrapher & typography artist. He turns Arabic letters into an abstract language, creating a new concept called Crazy Kufik & deconstructs the rules of Arabic & Persian writing
It is believed 2000 years ago in Persia, Arabs who conquered the Persian Empire enriched the recipe of snow chilled honey with milk & sugar #IceCreamDay
For #WorldIceCreamDay here are 25 frozen treats from Muslim cultures…
A thread…
1/ Es Doger, Indonesia
Made of shaved ice, coconut milk, coco pandan syrup, fermented sticky rice & fermented cassava. It is popular in Bandung, West Java & comes from Cirebon. Its name is derived from ‘es dorong gerobak’, which translates as ‘carousel-pushed ice.’#IceCreamDay
2/ Dondurma Ice Cream, Turkey
Dondurma is a Turkish mastic ice cream, typically including the ingredients cream, whipped cream, salep, mastic, and sugar. It is believed to originate from the city and region of Maraş and hence also known as Maraş ice cream #IceCreamDay
Chess is a significant part of Muslim history. The game originated in northern India in the 6th century AD & spread to Persia. When the Arabs conquered Persia, chess was taken up by the Muslim world
For #WorldChessDay here is the history of chess & Muslim heritage
A thread...
1/ The Indian ancestor of Chess was called chaturanga, developed in the 6th century AD meaning “4 Members”, it comes from the 4 military divisions of the Indian army: infantry, cavalry, elephantry, & chariotry.
Two women play Chaturanga, c. 1805 — c. 1815
#WorldChessDay
2/ Eventually, the game spread to Persia. After the Islamic Conquest of Persia, the game spread westward & a large portion of the Arabian population began to take up chess where it became known as Shatranj
Chess Piece as Seated Man, 13th c. Iran @KhaliliOnline
#WorldChessDay
The incredibly unique contemporary Bab Al-Salam Mosque in Oman is nothing like you’ve ever seen before!
Designed in the form of a circular disc, borrowing from the moon, the windows in the shape of its crescents & its glass ball pendant symbolises the vault of heaven
A thread…
1/ ‘Allahu Nur as Samawati wa al Ard’ means Allah is the Pure, Primordial Light of both the Heavens and the Earth.
Surah An-Nur ayat 35
Bab Al-Salam Mosque
2/ This is embodied in prayer that involves raising hands to the sides of the face, proclaiming Allah Akbar, and entering a peaceful and silent world where there is a connection with the divine. This state of surrender is what true prayer is all about.