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Liron Shapira

@liron

Oct 29, 2025

Today's Extropic launch raises some new red flags.

I started following this company when they refused to explain the input/output spec of what they're building, leaving us waiting to get clarification.)

Here are 3 red flags from today:

1. From extropic.ai/writing/inside…
"Generative AI is Sampling. All generative AI algorithms are essentially procedures for sampling from probability distributions. Training a generative AI model corresponds to inferring the probability distribution that underlies some training data, and running inference corresponds to generating samples from the learned distribution. Because TSUs sample, they can run generative AI algorithms natively."

This is a highly misleading claim about the algorithms that power the most useful modern AIs, on the same level of gaslighting as calling the human brain a thermodynamic computer. IIUC, as far as anyone knows, the majority of AI computation work doesn't match the kind of input/output that you can feed into Extropic's chip.

The page says:
"The next challenge is to figure out how to combine these primitives in a way that allows for capabilities to be scaled up to something comparable to today’s LLMs. To do this, we will need to build very large TSUs, and invent new algorithms that can consume an arbitrary amount of probabilistic computing resources."

Do you really need to build large TSUs to research if it's possible for LLM-like applications to benefit from this hardware? I would've thought it'd be worth spending a couple $million on investigating that question via a combination of theory and modern cloud supercomputing hardware, instead spending over $30M on building hardware that might be a bridge to nowhere.

Their own documentation for their THRML (their open-source library) says:
"THRML provides GPU‑accelerated tools for block sampling on sparse, heterogeneous graphs, making it a natural place to prototype today and experiment with future Extropic hardware."

You're saying you lack a way your hardware primitives could *in principle* be applied toward useful applications of some kind, and you created this library to help do that kind of research using today's GPUs…

Why would you not just release the Python library earlier (THRML), do the bottlenecking research you said needs to be done earlier, and engage the community to help get you an answer to this key question by now? Why were you waiting all this time to first launch this extremely niche tiny-scale hardware prototype to come forward explaining this make-or-break bottleneck, and only publicize your search for potential partners who have some kind of relevant "probabilistic workloads" now, when the cost of not doing so was $30M and 18 months?

2. From extropic.ai/writing/tsu-10…:
"We developed a model of our TSU architecture and used it to estimate how much energy it would take to run the denoising process shown in the above animation. What we found is that DTMs running on TSUs can be about 10,000x more energy efficient than standard image generation algorithms on GPUs."

I'm already seeing people on Twitter hyping the 10,000x claim. But for anyone who's followed the decades-long saga of quantum computing companies claiming to achieve "quantum supremacy" with similar kinds of hype figures, you know how much care needs to go into defining that kind of benchmark.

In practice, it tends to be extremely hard to point to situations where a classical computing approach *isn't* much faster than the claimed "10,000x faster thermodynamic computing" approach. The Extropic team knows this, but opted not to elaborate on the kind of conditions that could reproduce this hype benchmark that they wanted to see go viral.

3. The terminology they're using has been switched to "probabilistic computer": "We designed the world’s first scalable probabilistic computer." Until today, they were using "thermodynamic computer" as their term, and claimed in writing that "the brain is a thermodynamic computer".

One could give them the benefit of the doubt for pivoting their terminology. It's just that they were always talking nonsense about the brain being a "thermodynamic computer" (in my view the brain is neither that nor a "quantum computer"; it's very much a neural net algorithm running on a classical computer architecture). And this sudden terminology pivot is consistent with them having been talking nonsense on that front.

Now for the positives:

* Some hardware actually got built!
* They explain how its input/output potentially has an application in denoising, though as mentioned, are vague on the details of the supposed "10,000x thermodynamic supremacy" they achieved on this front.

Overall:

This is about what I expected when I first started asking for the input output 18 months ago.

They had a legitimately cool idea for a piece of hardware, but didn't have a plan for making it useful, but had some vague beginnings of some theoretical research that had a chance to make it useful.

They seem to have made respectable progress getting the hardware into production (the amount that $30M buys you), and seemingly less progress finding reasons why this particular hardware, even after 10 generations of successor refinements, is going to be of use to anyone.

Going forward, instead of responding to questions about your device's input/output by "mogging" people and saying it's a company secret, and tweeting hyperstitions about your thermodynamic god, I'd recommend being more open about the seemingly giant life-or-death question that the tech community might actually be interested in helping you answer: whether someone can write a Python program in your simulator with stronger evidence that some kind of useful "thermodynamic supremacy" with your hardware concept can ever be a thing.

https://x.com/trevormccrt1/status/1983653962764185836

Remember "Come work for us if you want to rebuild the web on top of blockchain"?

It's like that: The thing they're asking you to do for them is likely incoherent.

More importantly, they don't need to build hardware to settle it one way or the other IMO.

https://x.com/trevormccrt1/status/1983653962764185836

https://x.com/DavidDuvenaud/status/1983688029328769408

Helpful reply thread from David, a probabilistic machine learning expert:

https://x.com/DavidDuvenaud/status/1983688029328769408

Read 4 tweets

Liron Shapira

@liron

Sep 27, 2025

Eliezer Yudkowsky can warn humankind that 𝘐𝘧 𝘈𝘯𝘺𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘉𝘶𝘪𝘭𝘥𝘴 𝘐𝘵, 𝘌𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘋𝘪𝘦𝘴 and hit the NYTimes bestseller list, but he won’t get upvoted to the top of LessWrong.

That’s intentional. The rationalist community thinks aggregating community support for important claims is “political fighting”.

Unfortunately, the idea that some other community will strongly rally behind @ESYudkowsky's message while LessWrong “stays out of the fray” and purposely prevents mutual knowledge of support from being displayed, is unrealistic.

Our refusal to aggregate the rationalist community beliefs into signals and actions is why we live in a world where rationalists with double-digit P(Doom)s join AI race companies instead of AI pause movements.

We let our community become a circular firing squad. What did we expect?

Please watch my new interview with Holly Elmore (@ilex_ulmus), Executive Director of @PauseAIUS, on “the circular firing squad” a.k.a. “the crab bucket”:

◻️ On the “If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies” launch
◻️ What's Your P(Doom)™
◻️ Liron's Review of IABIED
◻️ Encouraging early joiners to a movement
◻️ MIRI's communication issues
◻️ Government officials' review of IABIED
◻️ Emmett Shear's review of IABIED
◻️ Michael Nielsen's review of IABIED
◻️ New York Times's Review of IABIED
◻️ Will MacAskill's Review of IABIED
◻️ Clara Collier's Review of IABIED
◻️ Vox's Review of IABIED
◻️ The circular firing squad
◻️ Why our kind can't cooperate
◻️ LessWrong's lukewarm show of support
◻️ The “missing mood” of support
◻️ Liron's “Statement of Support for IABIED”
◻️ LessWrong community's reactions to the Statement
◻️ Liron & Holly's hopes for the community

Search “Doom Debates” in your podcast player or watch on YouTube:

Also featuring a vintage LW comment by @ciphergoth

Read 5 tweets

Liron Shapira

@liron

Jul 23, 2025

When you start digging into how dumb @beffjezos is, the rabbit hole goes deep…

In this recent clip, Beff is claiming that humanity's ultimate goal should be to trash all resources as fast as possible — slash and burn the entire cosmos to make thermodynamic entropy number go up — BUT that's okay because the process of building a universe-scale furnace will supposedly be precisely the process by which we'll achieve our moral values to the fullest!

Seriously, he's claiming that these two objective functions are functionally equivalent:
1. Grow our flourishing civilization beyond earth and fill the universe with life, love, happiness, wonder, creativity, discovery, art, humor, cooperation
2. Turn every ordered configuration of atoms into chaos in the shortest possible time

Watch 3:02 in the video to hear it from him:
“It's, you know, the same reason life exists. It's much better to conserve and strategically use free energy to secure more free energy, and keep growing, and have some order, rather than just like, burn all in one go and have chaos, right?”

Read that again. That's the load-bearing argument that licenses him to equate claims #1 and #2 above.

He's saying: Since life on Earth built beautiful complexity while using up the sun's energy, we can just go ahead and extrapolate that, into me leading a movement to extinguish all usable energy sources as rapidly as possible. Earth teaches us that the faster we extinguish all usable energy sources, the better we'll grow a civilization even more flourishing than the one on Earth!

Too bad that if you think about it for 5 seconds, the fly in the ointment of his logic is that optimal free-energy-dissipation strategies like "chuck all the matter into a black hole" don't conveniently dovetail with sane goals like growing our flourishing civilization to fill the universe with life and love.

Beff's Effective Accelerationism movement successfully got thousands of people to put "e/acc" in their profile without checking too much into the doctrine. These mostly normal, psychologically-healthy people just prefer a government that doesn't stifle the many forms of good tech progress… Unfortunately these people became Beff's useful idiots, considering the outcome he's explicitly trying to accelerate is the universe's heat death. I'm not exaggerating or misrepresenting him here. Homie wants to accelerate the universe's heat death.

His core claim that objectives #1 and #2 above are equivalent — a claim which is FACTUALLY FALSE if you ask any physicist — somehow never gets questioned (or even flagged as questionable) by the people who have a chance to interview Beff. One podcast after another sees fit to wager their show's credibility on a guest who can dazzle listeners with smart-sounding jargon for hours, as long as no one dares to ask him why his movement's central claim is as factually false as Jonah and the Whale.

But hey, if you don't ask your acolytes to swallow a factually false claim as part of your core doctrine, are you really leading a new religion or “hyperstition” 🙄? No, you're just like the rest of us jockeying for crumbs of AI venture capital *without* the reality-distortion benefit of a social media demagogue halo. Nor are you getting your thin-skinned ego inflated by a vocal minority of tech figures who accepted or looked past your dumb central dogma (“#1 = #2”) while everyone else took 5 seconds to think about it and now thinks you're a laughingstock.

Source video:

Sorry @beffjezos, the reply&block move doesn't give you the last word. Way to conflate these claims once again:

(A) Short-term energy dissipation maximization strategies aren't optimal

(B) Optimal long-term energy dissipation involves building a desirable civilization

🤡

Read 4 tweets

Liron Shapira

@liron

May 23, 2024

🤔 How did Farcaster, a small crypto/Web3 version of Twitter, just raise $150M at a $1B valuation?

Dune Analytics says they have 45k daily active users, which is microscopic.

But even that number is MASSIVELY inflated by spambots.

How & why I think @a16z is siphoning money 🧵

What kind of user-generated content is being posted to Farcaster?

Basically imagine reading through a crypto-themed Discord server, but reskinning the interface so it's like you're reading Twitter.

I saw a trickle of content from real users, and spambots using generative AI 👇

Why did VCs like @a16z think $1B is an appealing valuation for a startup whose active user base is comparable to that of a niche Discord sever?

Are we suddenly in another crypto bubble, where everyone is a paper unicorn again?

I think there are 3 explanations…

Read 18 tweets

Liron Shapira

@liron

Oct 7, 2023

Dario Amodei's P(doom) is 10–25%.

CEO and Co-Founder of @AnthropicAI.

“I often try to focus on the 75–90% chance where things will go right.”

From today's @loganbartshow, worth a watch:

Read 5 tweets

Liron Shapira

@liron

Jul 14, 2023

twitter.com/i/web/status/1…

Marc Andreessen (@pmarca)'s recent essay, “Why AI Will Save the World”, didn't meet the standards of discourse. ♦️

Claiming AI will be safe & net positive is his right, but the way he’s gone about making that claim has been undermining conversation quality.

🧵 Here's the proof: https://t.co/2o3gUgmuqXtwitter.com/i/web/status/1…

1. BULVERISM

Marc indulges in constant Bulverism:

He spends much time labeling and psychoanalyzing the people who disagree with him, instead of focusing on the substance of why he thinks their object-level claims are wrong and his are right.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulverism

He accuses AI doomers of being “bootleggers”, which he explains means “self-interested opportunists who stand to financially profit” from claiming AI x-risk is a serious worry:

“If you are paid a salary or receive grants to foster AI panic… you are probably a Bootlegger.”

Read 36 tweets

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