Thread by @cocteautriplets

We have looked at Plain Bread. We have delved into the depths of the Macaroni pie. We have examined the origins of Neeps and Haggis. So now we must turn our gaze upon that other stalwart of Scottish cuisine; the Lorne aka Square aka Slicing sausage (📷Bayne's Family Bakers)🧵👇

For the purposes of this thread we'll just called it a Lorne sausage. So what is this delicacy? In essence it's a log of (traditionally) mince beef and suet, breadcrumb and some seasoning, moulded in a tin and then cut into slices for frying (📷Ramsay of Carluke)

The Lorne is a high fat sausage - traditionally 20-25% additional fat is added on top of the fat already in the meat. It sheds much of this when cooked, but the end result is still a very succulent slab of beefy hangover cure, particularly with the addition of brown sauce.

The Lorne sausage is not so much an invention as an evolution of aspects of traditional Scottish cookery so no precise date can be put on it coming into existence, but by the 1880s it begins to come up in advertising. More on that later, but lets focus on its roots. 🔬

I would put the predecessor of the Lorne not in sausagemaking but in another old Scots favourite; the Collop. Collops (from the French Escalope) were thinly sliced meat served akin to veal scalopini; floured and fried and served in a rich, creamy, winey sauce.

The Minced Collop was put through the mincer with seasoning and formed into a pattie to fry. This recipe is from Susannah Maciver's 1773 "Cookery and Pastry" book, one of Scotland's earliest published cookbooks.

While the collop fell out of favour, nearly analogous caseless sausages are quite common in 19th century cookbooks, e.g. "Receipts in Modern Cooking" of 1820 by Alexander Hunter

Or in the wonderfully titled "The Cook and Housewife's Manual; Containing the Most Approved Modern Receipts for Making Soups, Gravies, Sauces, Ragouts, And Made-Dishes; And for Pies Puddings, Pastry, Pickles, and Preserves; ..." of 1826 by Margaret Dods of Edinburgh.

Although any type of meat can go into a sausage, in Scotland they preferred beef, and pork was not a particularly common foodstuff anyway. They also favoured using good meat in sausages, not just the scraps and unmentionables.

But not just a Scottish thing. Mrs Beeton gives a recipe in 1861 of something very close to a pork and beef Lorne when not put into skins.

So by the 2nd half of the 19th century, caseless, fatty, beef sausages were nothing particularly new in Scottish cuisine. The earliest references I can turn up specifically to Lorne are butcher adverts in Greenock in 1884 and 1885 as "slice" and "slicing" sausages.

Grant's Stores of Renton can take the award for the earliest mention I can find of the name "Lorne" in reference to this sausage. Clearly sausages were big business in Renton; as the advert says,
"OUR SAUSAGE DEPARTMENT
IS QUITE A SUCCESS"
(Note minced collops also for sale)

But at this time, the name is much more frequently "sliced" or "slicing" sausage. In 1896 a case came up in Coatbridge where a woman, Ellen McLauchlan, was charged with "throwing a large quantity of sliced sausage on the street".
She was fined 5s or 3 days imprisonment.

In 1900 in Motherwell, Edwards' was selling Slicing Sausages (A treat. Try them!) at 8D. The business did not trouble to give its address.

So what about the name? As I say, Sliced and Slicing is much more common in newspaper archive search hits. Lorne comes up much less frequently, and is almost *entirely* confined to Kirriemuir and Angus. 173 of 234 of the search results pre-1950 come from that locality.

There's something of a legend that the Lorne sausage was invented by - or named after - Glaswegian stage comedian Tommy Lorne. He certainly used jokes about it in his routines. But that's cobblers, he was only 2 years old when it was first advertised (📷The Glasgow Story)

There's also the small issue of Tommy Lorne being a stage name for a man whose real name was Hugh Corcoran.

Interestingly although sliced/slicing/square/Lorne sausages almost never come up in archival English newspapers, the very first recipe I can find for something called "Lorne Sausage" is from a 1913 issue of the Nottingham and Midland Catholic News.

The Lorne Sausage went to war in 1917 when in order to save on imported flour, the military authorities in Scotland ordered that soldiers stationed in the country have a diet with less bread and amongst other things - more Lorne Sausage.

The Lorne Sausage clearly had a place in military catering; it appears in the 1933 Manual of Military Cooking & Dietary published by the HMSO for army caterers.

Wartime restrictions - in place between 1917 and 1920 - caught out at least 1 butcher. Charles McGown appeared before the Sheriff in Glasgow in June 1919 charged with selling "slicing sausge" as "steake sausage". The defence of "Lorne sausage isn't a sausage" failed. Fine - £3.

Lorne Sausage went to war again in 1939. In 1942 due to the perilous food situation, the Ministry of Food licensed the use of soya flour instead of bread rusk in its production (and also that of Haggis and black pudding)

Later the same year the quality of Lorne again took a hit when Lord Woolton (of Pie) at the Ministry of Food ordered the meat content of sausages, including specifically "slicing sausage" dropped to between 30 and 43%. The price was fixed at 8d per lb, the same as beef links.

These sausages were therefore about 50-60% suet and soya flour rusk... Good news was announced to suffering consumers in 1945 though when the meat content of beef slicing sausage was increased by 10% (at the cost of 1 1/2d more per lb).

Bad news came in 1947 though as the worsening post-war supply situation saw a shortage of dripping and the Ministry of Food ordered that the fat would now be mixed with vegetable fats, and that such fat was now considered part of the meat content. Back to rusky sausages!

4,000 butchers of the Scottish Federation of Meat Traders complained to the government in 1948 that they were being treated unfairly and getting short allocations of meat ration.

They alleged that this was the result of the supply calculations being based on English butchery habits, where sausages were typically made in factories and supplied to the butcher, whereby in Scotland the butchers still typically made their own.

In a thinly veiled attack on the high rusk sausages they were forced to produce, they stated "Flour confectionery is a poor substitute for the breakfast sausage"

The Lorne sausage crossed the Atlantic in the 1950s with waves of Scottish emigration from the land of postwar austerity and rusky sausages to the opportunity of the new world. Ontario newspapers are full of adverts at this time.

In more recent times, both Aldi and a company called Cottam Foods from Cheshire have humiliated themselves in public by bringing (pork) square sausages to the market and making wild claims that they have invented them.

While beef remains traditional, pork and beef mixes, or pork Lorne have long been available, and the discerning customer can select steak Lorne. A recent innovation is the "Blackeye Lorne" with a core of back pudding (📷S. Collin & Sons)

So let's hear it for the Lorne Sausage. The sausage that we don't know why it got its name. And lets hear it for the Square Sausage, the sausage that is definitively trapezoid and not square. At least it *is* actually sliced.