On the eve of WW1, the Russian Empire has a booming country with a bright future, in part due to Stolypin's agrarian reforms. Before his death, Stolypin remarked, "Give me 20 years of peace, both at home and abroad, and you will not recognize Russia". 1914 was 5 years in.
Production of grains increased from 36 million tons in 1894 to 72 millions tons in 1913-1914. Production of wheat doubled.
Deposits in saving banks rose from 300 million rubles in 1894 to 2 billion rubles in 1913. Volume of mail from 400 million to 2 billion letters and telegrams from 60 million to 200 million.
Coal mining in Donets increased from 5.4 million tons to 27 million tons. Coal production as a whole increased 400%.
In 1913, Russia was producing 11 million tons of oil, even after devastating fires to the Baku oilfields in 1905.
The metallurgical industry expanded - pig iron production quadrupled, copper and manganese five times. Cotton doubled from 260 million tons in 1894 to 1911. The industrial work force increased from 2 to 5 million.
From 1904 to 1913, government income exceeded expenditures by 2 billion rubles. The gold reserved increased from 648 million rubles in 1894 to 1.6 billion rubles in 1914.
The length of railroad and telegraph lines doubled from 1894 to 1914. From 1912 to 1915, 1500 miles of railroad were laid down. From 1896 to 1910, miles of telegraph increased from 206k to 435k miles. The number of steamships increased from 2.5k in 1895 to 4.3k in 1906.
In 1913, Edmund Théry was commissioned by two French ministries to investigate the Russian economy. He was stuck by Russia's success in all areas.
He concluded, "If the nations of Europe continue from 1912 to 1950 the course they have followed from 1900 to 1912, then by the middle of the present century Russia will dominate Europe politically, economically, and financially".
With WW1 and the subsequent revolutions and civil war, this bright future was irreparably lost forever.
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
Some of most "diehard" Bolsheviks were the Chinese. Though they were very mercenary in nature. During WWI, the Russian government recruited 150k Chinese labors. After the October Revolution, these Chinese were found themselves without work.
In May 1918, a Bolshevik recruitment center was established and led by Shen Chenho. Initially the idea to recruit these Chinese into the Red Army was made by Trotsky. Sources state that 30-40k Chinese served in the Bolshevik ranks during the Civil War.
The Chinese were known for their ruthlessness, creating a reputation, that the Whites returned in favor.
One of the greatest What-Ifs is the assassination of Stolypin, Prime Minister to Tsar Nicholas II. A staunch monarchist, he wanted to strengthen the monarchy by instituting major agrarian reforms to modernize the Empire. Could his death have prevented the collapse of the Empire?
One alternate history story that explores this is The Brusilov Offensive, 1916 Russia's Glory by Peter Tsouras. The story starts off at the Kiev Opera House on Sept. 14, 1911 with Stolypin, who recently resigned as Prime Minister, attending an opera with Tsar Nicholas II.
Much like our history, Dimitri Bogrov, a member of the Okrana, manages to shoot Stolypin. Rushed to the hospital, he manages to barely survive. The Tsar visits Stolypin's hospital bed and humbles himself as he begs, "Forgive me".
Requiem for the Cossacks, the rapid collapse of the Wehrmacht on all fronts found the Cossack Corps scattered. V. Pannwitz had attempted to retreat all Cossack units from the Balkans, while largely successful, the units were scattered throughout Austria.
V. Pannwitz and his staff had their HQ close to Althofen, Austria, together with the 3rd Kuban, 4th Kuban, 5th Don, 6th Terek and 8th Dismounted. All of these units were 2nd Div elements with the exception of the 4th.
The majority of the 1st Div, including the 1st Don/2nd Siberian, were camped further west near Feldkirchen. Gen. Kononov's command was situated near Klein St. Paul. Kononov had left his troops to offer the corps services to the Vlasov army. General Domanov's Kazachi near Lienz.
Helmuth von Pannwitz (1898-1947), Lt. Gen. of the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Obergruppenführer & Feldataman of the XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps. A man who died in a Soviet prison because he stood by his men, when he could have abandoned them.
The second son of a district judge & Prussian nobility, Pannwitz was born in Upper Silesia. The land his father leased were situated by the Lisswarthe River, which formed the border between Silesia and Russian Poland.
Due to the proximity of Slavic people, had a significant impact on the young Pannwitz. Of greater significance was that the Pannwitz estate was in sight of a Russian barracks, which housed Cossacks cavalry.
Detailing a series of early Cossack collaborators. First is Nicholas Nazarenko. In mid-October, the Germans found the Red Army attacked behind their front line by a Russian militia commanded by Nicholas Nazarenko.
A Don Cossack, he fled from Russian to Romania as a child during the Russian Revolution. Serving in the Romanian army, he returned to Russia to detail the troop placement along the border. He was captured and sent to a labor camp for several years until escaping to the Caucasus.
In 1941, his anti-Soviet Group moved to Taganrog, waiting for the Germans to arrive. When the Germans finally made it to the River Mius, the group openly took up arms. Realizing the Germans were nearby, they broke through the 9th Soviet Army. Nazarenko pictured on the left.