1. Strahov Monastery Library, Prague.
Founded in 1143, the monastery has withstood fire & war over the years, and is notable for its magnificent frescoed ceilings. The Theological Hall is the oldest part of the library, dating from 1671.
2. Library of the Palácio de Mafra, near Lisbon.
Once a royal convent, its library, completed in 1730, contains over 35 000 leather-bound volumes amassed by royal commission. In 1745, the Pope granted the library a rare special dispensation to house so-called "forbidden" books.
3. Biblioteca Joanina, Coimbra.
This library is home to 200 000 volumes - and a colony of bats, tolerated because they eat insects that might attack the books. Each night, the displays are covered with sheets of leather, and in the morning the library is cleaned of bat guano.
4. Kremsmünster Abbey Library, Upper Austria.
The library at the still active Kremsmünster Abbey holds a large number of incunabula (books printed before the year 1501), and the Codex Millenarius, an eighth-century manuscript containing the Four Gospels.
5. Library of Trinity College, Dublin.
The Library of Trinity College, founded in 1592 receives nearly a million visitors a year. The big draw is the priceless Book of Kells, the greatest of all Insular Gospel books, housed within the Long Room, together with 200 000 other books.
6. Biblioteca Palatina, Parma.
With over 700 000 volumes on its shelves, this library contains one of the oldest surviving Judaica collections in the world, a unique musical section of over 90 000 books and scores, and original letters by Galileo and Machiavelli.
7. Sainte-Geneviève Library, Paris.
The vast reading room for the library, with an innovative iron frame supporting the roof, was built between 1838 and 1851 by Henri Labrouste. The library has around 2 million documents and is the principal library for the University of Paris.
8. Archivo General de Indias, Seville.
Maps, books and documents pertaining to the Spanish colonization of the New World are housed within Seville’s Archivo de Indias. Established in 1785, the Archive was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.
9. Biblioteca del Convento de San Francisco de Asis, Lima.
Manuscripts predating the Spanish conquest are part of the 25 000 volume collection at this monastery library. A World Heritage site, the library is part of a complex that includes a basilica, monastery, and catacombs.
10. Real Gabinete Português de Leitura, Rio de Janeiro.
The Royal Portuguese Reading Room, founded in 1837, is built in the sumptuous Portuguese Late Gothic style, and holds the largest collection of Portuguese literature outside Portugal.
This thread - and some of the photos - is loosely based on a typically gorgeous 2018 Taschen book that I have mentioned here before, subsequently excerpted online in various forms in the Guardian, National Geographic, Tatler and other magazines. taschen.com/pages/en/catal…
An earlier book on the same topic, which I received as an unexpected but very welcome Xmas gift a few years back from a US bookseller, is "The Library: A World History" by James W. P. Campbell. press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book…
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The seven days of Sukkot start tomorrow. Sukkot is one of the three Jewish festivals on which the ancient Israelites were commanded to make a pilgrimage to the Temple in Jerusalem.
This beautiful folio-sized machzor (prayerbook) for Sukkot according to the Provençal rite of Avignon, was written by the scribe David Tsoref in 1721. 1/
After their expulsion from France in the 14th-century, a handful of Jews remained in the Provençal Papal territory of the Comtat Venaissin. Avignon was one of four Jewish communities tolerated by the Holy See: the other 3 were Carpentras, Cavaillon, & L'isle-sur-la-Sorgue. 2/
Because of their extreme isolation from the rest of the Jewish world (and even, within the Comtat Venaissin, from each other), all 4 communities developed their own unique minhag (liturgical rite).
Most of these were never printed, and survive only in manuscript form, as here. Provençal manuscripts like this are instantly recognizable by their beautifully distinctive Hebrew script. 3/
Today, August 2, Roma people around the world commemorate the genocide of the Roma with Samudaripen memorial day. It marks both the specific moment in 1944 when the Nazis murdered around 3,000 Roma at Auschwitz, and the wider Roma genocide during the Second World War. 1/
The number of Roma killed during the Samudaripen is still unclear - the US Holocaust Memorial Museum puts the figure of Roma dead at between a quarter of million and a half a million people. 2/
However, the advocacy group the International Romani Union believes that as a result of this genocide, approximately 2 million Roma were killed, which was about two-thirds of the total Roma population in Europe at the time. 3/
One of the masterpieces of ancient Egyptian art, the 'Seated Scribe' was discovered by the French archeologist Auguste Mariette at the Saqqara necropolis just south of Cairo in 1850, and dates to the period of the Old Kingdom, around 2500 BCE. It's now in the collections of @MuseeLouvre.
The eyes are especially amazing. I'll explain why. 🧵
The eyes of the scribe are sculpted from red-veined white magnesite, inlaid with pieces of polished rock crystal. The inner side of the crystal was painted with resin which gives a piercing blue colour to the iris and also holds them in place. 2/
Two copper clips hold each eye securely in place. The eyebrows are marked with fine lines of dark paint. The scribe stares calmly out to the viewer as though he is waiting for them to start speaking. 3/
This is the Rongorongo script of Easter Island. Rongorongo lacks an accepted decipherment but is generally presumed to encode an earlier stage of Rapa Nui, the contemporary Polynesian language of the island. It is possible that it represents an independent invention of writing. 1/
Hundreds of tablets written in Rongorongo existed as late as 1864 but most were lost or destroyed in that period and only 26 of undoubted authenticity remain today; almost all inscribed on wood. Each text has between two and over two thousand glyphs (some have what appear to be compound glyphs). 2/
The longest surviving text is that on the ‘Santiago Staff’: around 2,500 glyphs, depending upon how the characters are divided. The glyph-types are a mixture of geometric figures and standardized representations of living organisms; each glyph is around one centimetre in height. 3/
Oy. Forget about being a "rabbi", if you had even a kindergarten level knowledge of Hebrew (or Judaism for that matter) you'd know that this is not old, not Jewish, not an amulet, and nothing to do with kabbalah (which you grotesquely mischaracterize). It's a crude mishmash of… https://t.co/3IJjWrqnIp https://t.co/U7OBn124MNtwitter.com/i/web/status/1…
When looking at any purportedly ancient Jewish manuscript, bear in mind: 1. Jewish manuscripts are generally austerely plain and written in black ink only. Red ink is seen occasionally as a highlight color in for example Yemenite manuscripts, but gold ink is essentially never… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…
Oi u luzi chervona kalyna - Oh, the Red Guelder Rose in the Meadow - is the anthem of 🇺🇦 Ukrainian resistance to Russian oppression.
Written in 1875, it was adapted by Stepan Charnetsky in 1914 to honor the Sich Riflemen of the First World War. 1/ twitter.com/i/web/status/1…
The red guelder rose or viburnum of the song ('kalyna' in Ukrainian) - a shrub that grows four to five metres tall - is referenced throughout Ukrainian folklore. It is depicted in silhouette along the edges of the flag of the President of Ukraine. 2/
Due to the song's association with the Ukrainian people's aspiration for independence, singing of the song was banned during the period in which Ukraine was a Soviet Republic(1919-1991). Anyone caught singing it was jailed, beaten, and even exiled. 3/