1. Strahov Monastery Library, Prague.
Founded in 1143, the monastery has withstood fire & war over the years, and is notable for its magnificent frescoed ceilings. The Theological Hall is the oldest part of the library, dating from 1671.
2. Library of the Palácio de Mafra, near Lisbon.
Once a royal convent, its library, completed in 1730, contains over 35 000 leather-bound volumes amassed by royal commission. In 1745, the Pope granted the library a rare special dispensation to house so-called "forbidden" books.
3. Biblioteca Joanina, Coimbra.
This library is home to 200 000 volumes - and a colony of bats, tolerated because they eat insects that might attack the books. Each night, the displays are covered with sheets of leather, and in the morning the library is cleaned of bat guano.
4. Kremsmünster Abbey Library, Upper Austria.
The library at the still active Kremsmünster Abbey holds a large number of incunabula (books printed before the year 1501), and the Codex Millenarius, an eighth-century manuscript containing the Four Gospels.
5. Library of Trinity College, Dublin.
The Library of Trinity College, founded in 1592 receives nearly a million visitors a year. The big draw is the priceless Book of Kells, the greatest of all Insular Gospel books, housed within the Long Room, together with 200 000 other books.
6. Biblioteca Palatina, Parma.
With over 700 000 volumes on its shelves, this library contains one of the oldest surviving Judaica collections in the world, a unique musical section of over 90 000 books and scores, and original letters by Galileo and Machiavelli.
7. Sainte-Geneviève Library, Paris.
The vast reading room for the library, with an innovative iron frame supporting the roof, was built between 1838 and 1851 by Henri Labrouste. The library has around 2 million documents and is the principal library for the University of Paris.
8. Archivo General de Indias, Seville.
Maps, books and documents pertaining to the Spanish colonization of the New World are housed within Seville’s Archivo de Indias. Established in 1785, the Archive was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.
9. Biblioteca del Convento de San Francisco de Asis, Lima.
Manuscripts predating the Spanish conquest are part of the 25 000 volume collection at this monastery library. A World Heritage site, the library is part of a complex that includes a basilica, monastery, and catacombs.
10. Real Gabinete Português de Leitura, Rio de Janeiro.
The Royal Portuguese Reading Room, founded in 1837, is built in the sumptuous Portuguese Late Gothic style, and holds the largest collection of Portuguese literature outside Portugal.
This thread - and some of the photos - is loosely based on a typically gorgeous 2018 Taschen book that I have mentioned here before, subsequently excerpted online in various forms in the Guardian, National Geographic, Tatler and other magazines. taschen.com/pages/en/catal…
An earlier book on the same topic, which I received as an unexpected but very welcome Xmas gift a few years back from a US bookseller, is "The Library: A World History" by James W. P. Campbell. press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book…
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The oldest surviving extensive example of Glagolitic script.
The Baška tablet - a stone slab recording King Zvonimir's donation of land to a Croatian Benedictine abbey around the year 1100 - was discovered in 1851 in the paving of the Church of St. Lucy, on the island of Krk. 1/
The Baška tablet is made of limestone, 2m wide by 1m high, and weighs approximately 800 kg. Since 1934 the original has been kept in the Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts in Zagreb, but a replica is kept at the church, where it's believed it was used as an alter partition. 2/
The scholars who worked on deciphering the Glagolitic text faced palaeographic challenges, as well as the problem of the damaged & worn surface of the slab. The contents was largely established before 1914, but they remained a topic of study throughout the 20th century. 3/
The Mar Saba monastery in the Judaean Desert was founded by Sabbas the Sanctified in 483, and has operated continuously ever since. It had a major library, home to manuscripts in Arabic, Syriac, Greek, Georgian and other languages under the Umayyads and later. 1/
Mar Saba is where the biblical scholar Morton Smith reported in 1973 that he had discovered a Greek manuscript purporting to be an epistle of Clement of Alexandria and containing the only known references to a "Secret Gospel of Mark". 2/
Older even than Mar Saba is Mar Mattai, a Syriac Orthodox Church monastery on Mount Alfaf in northern Iraq, located 20km northwest of the city of Mosul. Founded in 363 A.D. by Mar Mattai the Hermit, it was famous for its large library with many important Syriac manuscripts. 3/
Before ink, before writing, at the very beginning of human graphic communication - in the caves of prehistoric Africa, Australia & Europe - there was OCHRE, a miraculous ferric oxide clay, the ancestor of all later writing materials. 1/
This sample comes from the Wilgie Mia ochre mine, in the Weld Range of Western Australia, which has been in continuous operation for at least 40,000 years, from the earliest Aboriginal times up to the present day, where it continues to export ochre as a commercial pigment. 2/
In the Wajarri Aboriginal people’s tradition, Wilgie Mia was created by an ancestral being, Marlu, the red kangaroo. The different coloured ochres relate to the different parts of Marlu’s body: red ochre is his blood, the yellow ochre is his liver and green ochre is his gall. 3/
Japanese writing began with the introduction of kanji from China, which later also developed into hiragana & katakana.
But - on the border of history and myth - are other strange and purportedly ancient characters, called kamiyo moji 神代文字: "characters of the spirit age." 1/
It’s been claimed these scripts predate the introduction of kanji by centuries. Each of the dozen or so different scripts that together are called kamiyo moji has a distinct style: Katakamuna looks like a series of electrical diagrams, Abiru seems similar to Korean hangul. 2/
Scholars have debated the authenticity of kamiyo moji since they were first published in printed form in the 17th century. Almost all experts now believe that they are not authentically ancient, but are rather antiquarian fakes, created at that time they were 'discovered'. 3/
Yazidism - the ancient faith of the Yazidi people - is based on belief in one God, who created the world and entrusted it into the care of a Heptad of seven Angels or heft sirr. Preeminent among these is Tawûsê Melek (also known as Melek Taûs), the Peacock Angel. 1/
Peacocks are not native to the Kurdish lands where Tawûsê Melek is worshipped. Amongst early Christians, the peacock represented immortality because of a folk belief that its flesh does not decay after death, and this might explain the peacock imagery seen on Yazidi shrines. 2/
The Yazidis (or Yezidis) are a historically much-persecuted Kurmanji-speaking minority group who are indigenous to Kurdistan. Some identify as a sub-group of the Kurdish people, others as an entirely distinct ethnic group of older origin. 3/
Garzoni's "Grammatica e vocabolario della lingua kurda", printed by the Propaganda Fide in Rome in 1787, was the first printed grammar of the Kurdish language and the first description of the language on a scientific basis. Garzoni has been called the "Father of Kurdology". 1/
Maurizio Garzoni wrote his grammar to enable Christian missionaries to converse with Kurmanji-speakers. Garzoni had reached the city of Mosul in 1762 and lived there until 1787. 2/
"This work is very important in the Kurdish history as it is the first acknowledgement of the originality of the Kurdish language on a scientific base. Garzoni was given the title of Father of Kurdology, and of The Pioneer Kurdish Grammarian” (Mirella Galetti). 3/